test: add regression coverage for hex literals

[sundy-li]

I hereby agree to the terms of the CLA available at: https://docs.databend.com/dev/policies/cla/

Summary

Fixes #19600

Core X'...' binary-literal behavior is already present on main; this follow-up adds regression coverage that was still missing:

• parser coverage for malformed odd-length hex literals like x'ABC'
• sqllogictest coverage that X'0A' stays binary and is rejected by numeric arithmetic

Tests

• Unit Test
• Logic Test
• Benchmark Test
• No Test - Pair with the reviewer to explain why

Validation run:

• cargo test -p databend-common-ast --test it parser::test_expr
• cargo check -p databend-common-sql --lib
• cargo clippy -p databend-common-ast --all-targets -p databend-common-sql --lib -- -D warnings

Added but not executed locally:

• tests/sqllogictests/suites/query/functions/binary_format.test

Type of change

• Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)

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This change is 

[github-actions]

This pull request's title is not fulfill the requirements. @sundy-li please update it 🙏.

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fix(query): fix group by string bug
  ^         ^---------------------^
  |         |
  |         +-> Summary in present tense.
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  +-------> Type: rfc, feat, fix, refactor, ci, docs, chore

Valid types:

• rfc: this PR proposes a new RFC
• feat: this PR introduces a new feature to the codebase
• fix: this PR patches a bug in codebase
• refactor: this PR changes the code base without new features or bugfix
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• docs: this PR changes the documents or websites
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[github-actions]

🤖 CI Job Analysis

Workflow: 23826258858

📊 Summary

• Total Jobs: 86
• Failed Jobs: 8
• Retryable: 0
• Code Issues: 8

❌ NO RETRY NEEDED

All failures appear to be code/test issues requiring manual fixes.

🔍 Job Details

• ❌ linux / sqllogic / standalone_minio (query, hybrid, native): Not retryable (Code/Test)
• ❌ linux / sqllogic / standalone_minio (query, http, parquet): Not retryable (Code/Test)
• ❌ linux / sqllogic / standalone_minio (query, hybrid, parquet): Not retryable (Code/Test)
• ❌ linux / sqllogic / standalone_minio (query, http, native): Not retryable (Code/Test)
• ❌ linux / sqllogic / cluster (query, 4c, hybrid): Not retryable (Code/Test)
• ❌ linux / sqllogic / cluster (query, 4c, http): Not retryable (Code/Test)
• ❌ linux / sqllogic / standalone (query, 4c, http): Not retryable (Code/Test)
• ❌ linux / sqllogic / standalone (query, 4c, hybrid): Not retryable (Code/Test)

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🤖 About

Automated analysis using job annotations to distinguish infrastructure issues (auto-retried) from code/test issues (manual fixes needed).