dSGP4 ($\partial\textrm{SGP4}$)

Differentiable SGP4 in PyTorch.

This repository contains the implementation described in:

Acciarini, Baydin, Izzo, Closing the gap between SGP4 and high-precision propagation via differentiable programming, Acta Astronautica (2025), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.063.

What dSGP4 provides

• A PyTorch implementation of SGP4 with autograd support.
• Gradients of propagated states with respect to time and TLE-derived parameters.
• Single-object and batched propagation APIs.
• A hybrid model (mldsgp4) for learning corrections around SGP4 dynamics.

Primary use cases include state transition matrix estimation, covariance transformation/propagation, gradient-based orbit estimation, and ML-augmented orbit prediction.

Installation

From PyPI:

pip install dsgp4

From conda-forge:

conda install conda-forge::dsgp4
# or
mamba install dsgp4

From source:

git clone https://github.com/esa/dSGP4.git
cd dSGP4
pip install -e .

Quick start

1. Parse a TLE and propagate

import torch
import dsgp4

tle = dsgp4.TLE([
    "1 25544U 98067A   24060.50000000  .00016717  00000-0  30134-3 0  9990",
    "2 25544  51.6403 124.7938 0005102 220.2782 248.4427 15.50010353440289",
])

# Initialize once, then reuse for multiple propagations.
dsgp4.initialize_tle(tle, gravity_constant_name="wgs-84")

# tsince is in minutes from TLE epoch.
tsince = torch.tensor([0.0, 10.0, 20.0])
state = dsgp4.propagate(tle, tsince)

# state shape: (N, 2, 3) when tsince has N elements
# state[:, 0, :] -> position [km], state[:, 1, :] -> velocity [km/s]
print(state.shape)

2. Differentiate through propagation

import torch
import dsgp4

tle = dsgp4.TLE([
    "1 25544U 98067A   24060.50000000  .00016717  00000-0  30134-3 0  9990",
    "2 25544  51.6403 124.7938 0005102 220.2782 248.4427 15.50010353440289",
])

time_min = torch.tensor(15.0, requires_grad=True)
state = dsgp4.propagate(tle, time_min, initialized=False)

# Example scalar objective: x-position at time_min.
loss = state[0, 0]
loss.backward()
print(time_min.grad)

3. Batched propagation

import torch
import dsgp4

tles = [
    dsgp4.TLE([
        "1 25544U 98067A   24060.50000000  .00016717  00000-0  30134-3 0  9990",
        "2 25544  51.6403 124.7938 0005102 220.2782 248.4427 15.50010353440289",
    ]),
    dsgp4.TLE([
        "1 40967U 15058A   24060.50000000  .00000033  00000-0  00000+0 0  9992",
        "2 40967   0.0187  89.2881 0002035  82.1068 220.3980  1.00270014 30754",
    ]),
]

times = torch.tensor([5.0, 30.0])
states = dsgp4.propagate_batch(tles, times, initialized=False)
print(states.shape)  # (2, 2, 3)

Technical notes and limitations

• Time input (tsince) is in minutes from the TLE epoch.
• Output units are km (position) and km/s (velocity).
• Supported gravity constants: wgs-72, wgs-84, wgs-72old.
• Deep-space propagation is supported.
• Default torch dtype is set to float64 when importing dsgp4.

Development

Run tests:

pytest -q

Documentation and notebooks

• Full docs: https://esa.github.io/dSGP4
• Tutorials and examples are in doc/notebooks/.

Citation

If you use dsgp4, please cite:

@article{acciarini2024closing,
  title = {Closing the gap between SGP4 and high-precision propagation via differentiable programming},
  journal = {Acta Astronautica},
  volume = {226},
  pages = {694-701},
  year = {2025},
  issn = {0094-5765},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2024.10.063},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576524006374},
  author = {Giacomo Acciarini and Atılım Güneş Baydin and Dario Izzo},
  keywords = {SGP4, Orbital propagation, Differentiable programming, Machine learning, Spacecraft collision avoidance, Kessler, Kessler syndrome, AI for space, Applied machine learning for space}
}

Authors

• Giacomo Acciarini
• Atılım Güneş Baydin
• Dario Izzo

The project originated from work at the University of Oxford AI4Science Lab.

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. T.S. Kelso for support and validation guidance against the official Space-Track SGP4 release: https://www.space-track.org/documentation#/sgp4.

License

dSGP4 is distributed under GNU GPL v3. Contact the authors for alternative licensing options.

Contact

• giacomo.acciarini@gmail.com