diff --git a/docs/channel_considerations.mdx b/docs/channel_considerations.mdx index ebb32899..4d55ddc6 100644 --- a/docs/channel_considerations.mdx +++ b/docs/channel_considerations.mdx @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ title: "Channel Considerations" # Channel-Specific Modeling Considerations -Different advertising channels require specific modeling approaches due to their unique infrastructure, operational characteristics, and consumption patterns. This document details the methodology considerations for Linear TV, Digital Out-of-Home (DOOH), and Classic Out-of-Home (OOH). While these channels share some common principles, each has distinct lifecycle boundaries, data requirements, and default assumptions that reflect the nature of their delivery and usage. +Different advertising channels require specific modeling approaches due to their unique infrastructure, operational characteristics, and consumption patterns. This document details the methodology considerations for Linear TV, Traditional Radio, Digital Out-of-Home (DOOH), and Classic Out-of-Home (OOH). While these channels share some common principles, each has distinct lifecycle boundaries, data requirements, and default assumptions that reflect the nature of their delivery and usage. # Linear TV @@ -290,21 +290,21 @@ We classify Traditional Radio as content that is transmitted via traditional bro ## Glossary -| Term | Definition | -| --- | --- | -| Radio Network | The organization or company responsible for distributing radio content (e.g., BBC). | -| Radio Station | A specific frequency within a radio network (e.g., BBC Radio 1). | -| Broadcast Method | The type of infrastructure used to transmit broadcast audio content (e.g., OTA/DAB, FM, Satellite). | +| Term | Definition | +| ------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| Radio Network | The organization or company responsible for distributing radio content (e.g., BBC). | +| Radio Station | A specific frequency within a radio network (e.g., BBC Radio 1). | +| Broadcast Method | The type of infrastructure used to transmit broadcast audio content (e.g., OTA/DAB, FM, Satellite). | | Co-listening Factor | An average number of listeners per radio device, used to estimate device-level reach from audience impressions. | ## Definition of Broadcast methods -| Broadcast method | Definition | -| --- | --- | -| FM | For Frequency Modulation: Radio broadcasting that varies the frequency of the carrier wave. | -| AM | For Amplitude Modulation: Radio broadcasting that varies the amplitude of the carrier wave; enables long-range coverage. | -| Over-the-air (OTA) | Includes terrestrial digital radio broadcasting methods such as DAB(+), DRM, HD Radio, ISDB-Tsb | -| Satellite | Includes large-scale, satellite radio services like SiriusXM | +| Broadcast method | Definition | +| ------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | +| FM | For Frequency Modulation: Radio broadcasting that varies the frequency of the carrier wave. | +| AM | For Amplitude Modulation: Radio broadcasting that varies the amplitude of the carrier wave; enables long-range coverage. | +| Over-the-air (OTA) | Includes terrestrial digital radio broadcasting methods such as DAB(+), DRM, HD Radio, ISDB-Tsb | +| Satellite | Includes large-scale, satellite radio services like SiriusXM | We assume that, for all audio broadcast methods, the consumer device is the only required equipment. @@ -312,14 +312,14 @@ We assume that, for all audio broadcast methods, the consumer device is the only The Scope3 Traditional Radio model focuses on estimating emissions coming from the distribution (broadcasting) and consumer listening to audio content and advertising. -| Lifecycle Category | Emissions Source | Status | Includes | -| --- | --- | --- | --- | -| Media Production | Content production | Not Included | | -| Creative Production | Ad production | Not included | | -| Tech Manipulation | Post-production storage & Others technical operations | Not included | | -| Media Distribution | Corporate emissions from radio network | Included | | -| Media & Creative Distribution | Broadcast Signal preparation & transmission | Included | Encoding, multiplexing and transmission infrastructure (use phase & embodied) | -| Media & Creative Consumer Device | Reception & Audio listening | Included | Radio device used for reception (use phase & embodied) | +| Lifecycle Category | Emissions Source | Status | Includes | +| -------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- | ------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| Media Production | Content production | Not Included | | +| Creative Production | Ad production | Not included | | +| Tech Manipulation | Post-production storage & Others technical operations | Not included | | +| Media Distribution | Corporate emissions from radio network | Included | | +| Media & Creative Distribution | Broadcast Signal preparation & transmission | Included | Encoding, multiplexing and transmission infrastructure (use phase & embodied) | +| Media & Creative Consumer Device | Reception & Audio listening | Included | Radio device used for reception (use phase & embodied) | ## Emissions Calculation Methodology @@ -345,40 +345,40 @@ For each audio broadcast method, we derived power draw estimates from annual ene In the absence of embodied emissions data specific to each audio broadcast method, we derived default values from various studies, including, in addition to the BBC paper: -- [_ICT Impact study, Final report, VHK and Viegand Maagøe for the European Commission_](https://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/product-bureau/sites/default/files/2020-11/IA_report-ICT_study_final_2020_(CIRCABC).pdf) - 2020 +- [_ICT Impact study, Final report, VHK and Viegand Maagøe for the European Commission_]() - 2020 - [_Study of the Environmental Impact of Audiovisual Usage in France - ADEME ARCEP_](https://www.editionmultimedia.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Rapport-Arcom-Arcep-Ademe-Impact-environnemental-2022-2030-de-laudiovisuel-07-10-24.pdf) (FR) - 2024 Power draws & embodied emissions of each audio broadcast method for the signal transmission of one radio channel: -| Audio Broadcast Method | Energy consuming sources | Signal Transmission Power per Radio Channel | Embodied emissions gCO2e/s | Source(s) | Assumptions | -| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | -| FM | FM transmission infrastructure | 15 kW | 7g | [ADEME ARCEP](https://www.editionmultimedia.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Rapport-Arcom-Arcep-Ademe-Impact-environnemental-2022-2030-de-laudiovisuel-07-10-24.pdf), [BBC](https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP393.pdf) | | -| AM | AM transmission infrastructure | 62 kW | 10g | [ADEME ARCEP](https://www.editionmultimedia.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Rapport-Arcom-Arcep-Ademe-Impact-environnemental-2022-2030-de-laudiovisuel-07-10-24.pdf), [BBC](https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP393.pdf) | | -| OTA/DAB | Over the air transmission network | 5 kW | 5g | [ADEME ARCEP](https://www.editionmultimedia.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Rapport-Arcom-Arcep-Ademe-Impact-environnemental-2022-2030-de-laudiovisuel-07-10-24.pdf), [BBC](https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP393.pdf), [Bayerischer Rundfunk](file:///Users/bdavy/Downloads/green-radio-studie-102.pdf), [MDR](https://www.worlddab.org/system/news/documents/000/011/985/original/Digitalradio_Vortrag_Daemmerschoppen_final_%28002%29.pdf?1619108841), [GatesAir](https://www.gatesair.com/media-center/news/gatesair-amplifies-efficiency-savings-for-dab-radio-networks) | Estimated to be more efficient than FM | -| Satellite | Uplink transmission from Radio station tower to satellite | 3.15 kW | 6g | [BBC](https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP189.pdf) | Similar to Linear TV | +| Audio Broadcast Method | Energy consuming sources | Signal Transmission Power per Radio Channel | Embodied emissions gCO2e/s | Source(s) | Assumptions | +| ---------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | -------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | +| FM | FM transmission infrastructure | 15 kW | 7g | [ADEME ARCEP](https://www.editionmultimedia.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Rapport-Arcom-Arcep-Ademe-Impact-environnemental-2022-2030-de-laudiovisuel-07-10-24.pdf), [BBC](https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP393.pdf) | | +| AM | AM transmission infrastructure | 62 kW | 10g | [ADEME ARCEP](https://www.editionmultimedia.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Rapport-Arcom-Arcep-Ademe-Impact-environnemental-2022-2030-de-laudiovisuel-07-10-24.pdf), [BBC](https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP393.pdf) | | +| OTA/DAB | Over the air transmission network | 5 kW | 5g | [ADEME ARCEP](https://www.editionmultimedia.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Rapport-Arcom-Arcep-Ademe-Impact-environnemental-2022-2030-de-laudiovisuel-07-10-24.pdf), [BBC](https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP393.pdf), [Bayerischer Rundfunk](file:///Users/bdavy/Downloads/green-radio-studie-102.pdf), [MDR](https://www.worlddab.org/system/news/documents/000/011/985/original/Digitalradio_Vortrag_Daemmerschoppen_final_%28002%29.pdf?1619108841), [GatesAir](https://www.gatesair.com/media-center/news/gatesair-amplifies-efficiency-savings-for-dab-radio-networks) | Estimated to be more efficient than FM | +| Satellite | Uplink transmission from Radio station tower to satellite | 3.15 kW | 6g | [BBC](https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP189.pdf) | Similar to Linear TV | For radio networks and/or channels where actual data are available, we use the contributed values instead of the above defaults. ### Broadcast Method Usage -The prevalence of each audio broadcast method varies geographically. For example, in France FM is the most widely used broadcast methods in terms of consumption, whereas in the UK OTA/DAB+ is the most prevalent method ([Ofcom](https://www.ofcom.org.uk/siteassets/resources/documents/research-and-data/multi-sector/media-nations/2025/media-nations-2025-uk-report.pdf)). +The prevalence of each audio broadcast method varies geographically. For example, in France FM is the most widely used broadcast methods in terms of consumption, whereas in the UK OTA/DAB+ is the most prevalent method ([Ofcom](https://www.ofcom.org.uk/siteassets/resources/documents/research-and-data/multi-sector/media-nations/2025/media-nations-2025-uk-report.pdf)). We apply a country-specific ratio of broadcast methods for major markets, and use a global average for other countries. -| Country | % of total radio listening FM | % of total radio listening AM | % of total radio listening OTA/DAB | % of total radio listening Satellite | Source | -| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | -| Global Defaults | 60% | 15% | 20% | 5% | | -| FR | 95% | insignificant | 5% | 0% | [ADEME ARCEP](https://www.editionmultimedia.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Rapport-Arcom-Arcep-Ademe-Impact-environnemental-2022-2030-de-laudiovisuel-07-10-24.pdf) | -| UK | 39% | grouped with FM | 61% | 0% | [Ofcom](https://www.ofcom.org.uk/siteassets/resources/documents/research-and-data/multi-sector/media-nations/2025/media-nations-2025-uk-report.pdf) / [RAJAR](https://www.rajar.co.uk/docs/news/RAJAR_DataRelease_InfographicQ22025.pdf) | -| AU | 75% | grouped with FM | 25% | 0% | [GFK Radio Ratings](https://james.cridland.net/blog/2025/how-australians-listen/) | +| Country | % of total radio listening FM | % of total radio listening AM | % of total radio listening OTA/DAB | % of total radio listening Satellite | Source | +| --------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| Global Defaults | 60% | 15% | 20% | 5% | | +| FR | 95% | insignificant | 5% | 0% | [ADEME ARCEP](https://www.editionmultimedia.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Rapport-Arcom-Arcep-Ademe-Impact-environnemental-2022-2030-de-laudiovisuel-07-10-24.pdf) | +| UK | 39% | grouped with FM | 61% | 0% | [Ofcom](https://www.ofcom.org.uk/siteassets/resources/documents/research-and-data/multi-sector/media-nations/2025/media-nations-2025-uk-report.pdf) / [RAJAR](https://www.rajar.co.uk/docs/news/RAJAR_DataRelease_InfographicQ22025.pdf) | +| AU | 75% | grouped with FM | 25% | 0% | [GFK Radio Ratings](https://james.cridland.net/blog/2025/how-australians-listen/) | This distribution is only for audio broadcasting methods, digital audio consumption over the internet is modelled in the dedicated **`digital-audio`** channel. We will continue to add country-specific distributions as we obtain additional data. ## Radio Device Emissions -We follow the same methodology as described [Consumer Devices](./consumer_devices), accounting for both use phase (energy consumption) and embodied emission (production & disposal). Since we do not have deterministic data on the devices used to listen to a given radio spot, we define a “synthetic Radio system” representative of the average listener. +We follow the same methodology as described [Consumer Devices](./consumer_devices), accounting for both use phase (energy consumption) and embodied emission (production & disposal). Since we do not have deterministic data on the devices used to listen to a given radio spot, we define a “synthetic Radio system” representative of the average listener. -See see [Consumer Devices - Radio](./consumer_devices#radio) for more details. +See [Consumer Devices - Radio](./consumer_devices#radio) for more details. ## Estimating the number of Radio Spot impressions