diff --git a/defaults/docs-defaults.yaml b/defaults/docs-defaults.yaml index 9ac0402c..295899d4 100644 --- a/defaults/docs-defaults.yaml +++ b/defaults/docs-defaults.yaml @@ -50,10 +50,7 @@ defaults: tv: - linear-tv - ctv-bvod - - social - audio - - app - - streaming-video default_consumer_device_request_size_bytes: app: 1000 audio: 1000 @@ -267,7 +264,7 @@ defaults: ota: 45.400000000 satellite: 4.600000000 DE: - cable: 41.600000000 + cable: 41.500000000 iptv: 9.600000000 ota: 3.400000000 satellite: 45.500000000 @@ -284,7 +281,7 @@ defaults: US: cable: 43.300000000 iptv: 20.700000000 - ota: 19.200000000 + ota: 19.300000000 satellite: 16.700000000 default_platform_ad_format_by_channel: app: Interstitial - 1080x1920 Banner @@ -326,7 +323,6 @@ defaults: audio: 0.049000000 ctv-bvod: 0.280000000 dooh: 0.049000000 - linear-tv: 0.280000000 social: 0.150000000 streaming-video: 0.049000000 web: 0.049000000 diff --git a/docs/calculations.mdx b/docs/calculations.mdx index 6f74c9de..5b8b3e8d 100644 --- a/docs/calculations.mdx +++ b/docs/calculations.mdx @@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ import BroadcastingDefaults from "/snippets/defaults_broadcasting.mdx"; | `streaming-video` | Website or app with online video content | | `audio` | Audio content (podcasts, streaming music) | | `dooh` | Digital out of home - billboards, transit, etc | +| `search` | A Search engine (Google, Bing, etc) | +| `dooh` | Scheduled broadcast or cable television | ### Device Types diff --git a/docs/channel_considerations.mdx b/docs/channel_considerations.mdx index 6b60209f..ec22e3b5 100644 --- a/docs/channel_considerations.mdx +++ b/docs/channel_considerations.mdx @@ -10,37 +10,50 @@ Different advertising channels require specific modeling approaches due to their ## Definition and Scope -We classify Linear TV as content that is transmitted via traditional broadcasting methods and follows a predetermined programming schedule. +We classify Linear TV as content that is transmitted via traditional broadcast methods and follows a predetermined programming schedule. -| Broadcast distribution type | Equipment involved | -| --- | --- | -| Over-the-air (OTA) & Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) | Transmitting towers, repeaters, household antennas… | -| Cable | Same as the Internet network (infrastructure is typically shared across telephone, television and Internet) | -| Satellite | Transmitting Satellite dishes, Satellite, Receiving satellite dishes, set top boxes | -| Internet Powered Television (IPTV) | Internet network, set top boxes | +### Glossary + +| Term | Definition | +| ----------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| TV Network | The organization or company responsible for distributing TV content (e.g., BBC, NBC, Canal+). | +| TV Channel | A specific frequency within a TV network (e.g., BBC One, ESPN2).. | +| Broadcast Method | The type of infrastructure used to transmit Linear TV content (e.g., OTA/DTT, Cable, Satellite, IPTV). | +| Co-viewing Factor | An average number of viewers per TV device, used to estimate device-level reach from audience impressions. | + +### Definition of Broadcast methods + +| Broadcast method | Equipment involved | +| --------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| Over-the-air (OTA) & Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) | Transmitting towers, repeaters, household antennas… | +| Cable | Same as the Internet network (infrastructure is typically shared across telephone, television and Internet) | +| Satellite | Transmitting Satellite dishes, Satellite, Receiving satellite dishes, set top boxes | +| IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) | Internet network, set top boxes | ## Boundaries of Measurement The Scope3 Linear TV model focuses on estimating emissions coming from the distribution (broadcasting) and consumer viewing of television content and advertising. -| Lifecycle Category | Emissions Source | Status | Includes | -| --- | --- | --- | --- | -| Media Production | Content production | Not Included | | -| Creative Production | Ad production | Not included | | -| Media Distribution | Corporate emissions from TV network | Included | See [Corporate Emissions](./corporate_model) | -| Media & Creative Distribution | Broadcast Signal preparation, transmission & reception | Included | Encoding & multiplexing
OTA/DTT, cable, Satellite & IPTV networks (use phase & embodied)
Household Equipment used for signal reception (use phase & embodied) | -| Media & Creative Consumer Device | TV viewing | Included | Television device (use phase & embodied) | +| Lifecycle Category | Emissions Source | Status | Includes | +| -------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------ | ------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| Media Production | Content production | Not Included | | +| Creative Production | Ad production | Not included | | +| Media Distribution | Corporate emissions from TV network | Included | | +| Media & Creative Distribution | Broadcast Signal preparation, transmission & reception | Included | Encoding & multiplexing
OTA/DTT, cable, Satellite & IPTV networks (use phase & embodied)
Household Equipment used for signal reception (use phase & embodied) | +| Media & Creative Consumer Device | TV viewing | Included | Television device (use phase & embodied) | ## Emissions Calculation Methodology ### Corporate Emissions -See [Corporate Emissions](./corporate_model) + +For Linear TV, we estimate corporate emissions per TV spot rather than per audience or household impression. We do this to avoid having differing numbers depending on fluctuating TV ratings. +All other aspects of our calculations for corporate emissions remain as described in [Corporate Emissions](./corporate_model). ### Broadcast Signal Emissions #### Encoding & Multiplexing -In [*A comparison of the carbon footprint of digital terrestrial television with video-on-demand*](https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP189.pdf) the BBC estimated that their encoding & multiplexing facility required a power draw of 400kW to encode TV content for their 24 channels. +In [_A comparison of the carbon footprint of digital terrestrial television with video-on-demand_](https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP189.pdf) the BBC estimated that their encoding & multiplexing facility required a power draw of 400kW to encode TV content for their 24 channels. We use this estimate to derive that it takes an average power draw of 16.7kW to encode and multiplex TV content for one channel (no matter the number of viewing households). For TV networks and/or channels where actual power usage data is available, we use those values instead of the average. @@ -48,40 +61,40 @@ We use this estimate to derive that it takes an average power draw of 16.7kW to ##### Energy Use -For each TV broadcast distribution method we consider a fixed energy consumption required to broadcast the signal no matter the number of viewing households. +For each TV broadcast method we consider a fixed energy consumption required to broadcast the signal no matter the number of viewing households. -Different TV broadcast distribution methods have varying power efficiency in different countries but for now we do not differentiate between countries. +Different TV broadcast methods have varying power efficiency in different countries but for now we do not differentiate between countries. -For each TV distribution method we have derived power draw estimates from annual energy consumption, either from primary sourced energy consumption data shared with Scope3 by network operators or from the BBC paper. +For each TV broadcast method we have derived power draw estimates from annual energy consumption, either from primary sourced energy consumption data shared with Scope3 by network operators or from the BBC paper. -| TV Distribution Method | Energy consuming sources | Required Power for signal transmission of 1 TV channel | Source(s) | Assumptions | -| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | -| OTA/DTT | Over the air transmission network | 165 kW | Terrestrial Network operators | - National distribution | -| Cable | Cable network | 16 kW | BBC paper | - TV represents 53% of cable network usage
- The Virgin Media cable network provider in the UK hosts 400 channels. | -| Satellite | Uplink transmission from TV station tower to satellite | 3.15kW | BBC paper | - No emissions coming from downlink transmission from space satellite to household dishes (satellites being powered by the sun)
- Assuming equal energy usage across all BBC's 24 channels | +| TV Broadcast Method | Energy consuming sources | Required Power for signal transmission of 1 TV channel | Source(s) | Assumptions | +| ------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| OTA/DTT | Over the air transmission network | 165 kW | Terrestrial Network operators | - National distribution | +| Cable | Cable network | 16 kW | BBC paper | - TV represents 53% of cable network usage
- The Virgin Media cable network provider in the UK hosts 400 channels. | +| Satellite | Uplink transmission from TV station tower to satellite | 3.15kW | BBC paper | - No emissions coming from downlink transmission from space satellite to household dishes (satellites being powered by the sun)
- Assuming equal energy usage across all BBC's 24 channels | Once again, for TV networks and/or channels where actual power usage data is available, we use those values instead of the above defaults. ##### Embodied Emissions -In the absence of data specific to each TV distribution method, we utilize our estimates of the embodied emissions as the fixed Internet network (0.00000443 gCO2e per kb) to derive the embodied emissions of each distribution method per second, assuming 6Mbps per transmitter per channel, across 1000 transmitters. +In the absence of data specific to each TV broadcast method, we utilize our estimates of the embodied emissions as the fixed Internet network (0.00000443 gCO2e per kb) to derive the embodied emissions of each broadcast method per second, assuming 6Mbps per transmitter per channel, across 1000 transmitters. ```equation embodied_emissions_gco2e_per_second = 0.00000443 gCO2e/kb * 1000 transmitters * 6000 kbps/channel = 27 gCO2e/second/channel ``` -#### Distribution Method Usage +#### Broadcast Method Usage -The prevalence of each TV distribution method varies by TV network and geographically. For example, in France OTA/DTT and IPTV are the most widely used distribution methods in terms of households, whereas in Germany satellite is the most prevalent method. We apply a country-specific ratio of distribution methods for major markets, and use a global average for other countries. +The prevalence of each TV broadcast method varies by TV network and geographically. For example, in France OTA/DTT and IPTV are the most widely used broadcast methods in terms of households, whereas in Germany satellite is the most prevalent method. We apply a country-specific ratio of broadcast methods for major markets, and use a global average for other countries. -| Country | % of households using OTA/DTT | % of households using cable | % of households using satellite | % of households using IPTV | -| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | -| Global Defaults | 26% | 29% | 20% | 25% | -| USA | 19% | 43% | 17% | 21% | -| UK | 41% | 9% | 23% | 27% | -| France | 46% | 0% | 8% | 46% | -| Germany | 3% | 42% | 46% | 9% | -| Australia | 48% | 0% | 8% | 44% | +| Country | % of households using OTA/DTT | % of households using cable | % of households using satellite | % of households using IPTV | +| --------------- | ----------------------------- | --------------------------- | ------------------------------- | -------------------------- | +| Global Defaults | 26% | 29% | 20% | 25% | +| USA | 19% | 43% | 17% | 21% | +| UK | 41% | 9% | 23% | 27% | +| France | 46% | 0% | 8% | 46% | +| Germany | 3% | 42% | 46% | 9% | +| Australia | 48% | 0% | 8% | 44% | ### Household Equipment Emissions @@ -89,38 +102,38 @@ The prevalence of each TV distribution method varies by TV network and geographi We consider some household equipment "passive", meaning that they do not require any power to receive the broadcast signal, and others "active". -| Component | Broadcasting Method(s) | Global % of household with that equipment for that distribution method | Active or Passive | Estimated Power Draw | Source(s) | -| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | -| Household antena | OTA/DTT | 100% | Passive | 0W | - | -| Satellite dish | Satellite | 100% | Passive | 0W | - | -| Low-Noise Block Downconverter (LNB) | Satellite | 100% | Active | 5W | Average across various manufacturers' specifications | -| Signal Amplifier | OTA/DTT & Satellite | 20% | Active | 5W | BBC paper | -| Decoder / STB | Cable, Satellite & IPTV | 100% | Active | 16W | BBC paper | -| Co-axial cable | Cable & IPTV | 100% | Passive | 0W | - | -| Home router | IPTV | 100% | Active | 5W | See [Data Transfer](./data_transfer) | +| Component | Broadcasting Method(s) | Global % of household with that equipment for that broadcast method | Active or Passive | Estimated Power Draw | Source(s) | +| ----------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | -------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- | +| Household antena | OTA/DTT | 100% | Passive | 0W | - | +| Satellite dish | Satellite | 100% | Passive | 0W | - | +| Low-Noise Block Downconverter (LNB) | Satellite | 100% | Active | 5W | Average across various manufacturers' specifications | +| Signal Amplifier | OTA/DTT & Satellite | 20% | Active | 5W | BBC paper | +| Decoder / STB | Cable, Satellite & IPTV | 100% | Active | 16W | BBC paper | +| Co-axial cable | Cable & IPTV | 100% | Passive | 0W | - | +| Home router | IPTV | 100% | Active | 5W | See [Data Transfer](./data_transfer) | #### Embodied Emissions -Similarly to how we model consumer devices (see [Consumer Devices](./consumer_devices)), we estimate *Production Energy per Use Second* (PEPS) for each and every piece of household equipment. +Similarly to how we model consumer devices (see [Consumer Devices](./consumer_devices)), we estimate _Production Energy per Use Second_ (PEPS) for each and every piece of household equipment. -| Component | Broadcasting Method(s) | Global % of household with that equipment for that distribution method | Lifetime Impact kgCO2e (excluding use) | Usage (h/day) | Years in use | PEPS (gCO2e/s) | Source(s) | Mass (grams) | Example Units | -| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | -| Household antena | OTA/DTT | 100% | 127 | 3.9 | 10 | 0.002484788742 | | 860 | Clearstream 2MAX HDTV Antenna | -| Satellite dish | Satellite | 100% | 592 | 3.9 | 10 | 0.01155715694 | | 4000 | Cahors SMC65 White Fibreglass Satellite Dish | -| Low-Noise Block Downconverter (LNB) | Satellite | 100% | 37 | 3.9 | 5 | 0.001444644617 | | 250 | Universal 0.1dB Satellite LNB | -| Signal Amplifier | OTA/DTT & Satellite | 20% | 59 | 3.9 | 10 | 0.001155715694 | | 400 | Antenna Signal Amplifier | -| Decoder / STB | Cable, Satellite & IPTV | 100% | 265 | 3.9 | 5 | 0.01034365546 | | 1790 | Technisat Technicorder ISIO SC | -| Co-axial cable | Cable & IPTV | 100% | 18 | 3.9 | 10 | 0.0003467147082 | | 120 | CIMPLE CO Coaxial Cable | -| Home router | IPTV | 100% | 45.9 | 24 | 5 | 0.0002910958904 | | 310 | Fritz!Box 7530 | +| Component | Broadcasting Method(s) | Global % of household with that equipment for that broadcast method | Equipment use Allocation % for Linear TV | Lifetime Impact kgCO2e (excluding use) | Usage (h/day) | Years in use | PEPS (gCO2e/s) | Mass (grams) | Example Unit | +| ----------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------- | ------------- | ------------ | -------------- | ------------ | -------------------------------------------- | +| Household antena | OTA/DTT | 100% | 100% | 127 | 3.9 | 20 | 0.001239121 | 860 | Clearstream 2MAX HDTV Antenna | +| Satellite dish | Satellite | 100% | 100% | 592 | 3.9 | 20 | 0.005776061 | 4000 | Cahors SMC65 White Fibreglass Satellite Dish | +| Low-Noise Block Downconverter (LNB) | Satellite | 100% | 100% | 37 | 3.9 | 20 | 0.000361004 | 250 | Universal 0.1dB Satellite LNB | +| Signal Amplifier | OTA/DTT & Satellite | 20% | 100% | 59 | 3.9 | 20 | 0.000115131 | 400 | Antenna Signal Amplifier | +| Decoder / STB | Cable, Satellite & IPTV | 100% | 100% | 265 | 3.9 | 20 | 0.005171135 | 1790 | Technisat Technicorder ISIO SC | +| Co-axial cable | Cable & IPTV | 100% | 100% | 18 | 3.9 | 20 | 0.000175623 | 120 | CIMPLE CO Coaxial Cable | +| Home router | IPTV | 100% | 50% | 45.9 | 24 | 5 | 0.000145548 | 310 | Fritz!Box 7530 | #### Summary -| Broadcast Distribution Method | Variable Power per viewing device | PEPs (gCO2e/s) | -| --- | --- | --- | -| OTA/DTT | 1W | 0.0036 | -| Cable | 16W | 0.0107 | -| Satellite | 22W | 0.0230 | -| IPTV | 21W | 0.0107 | +| Broadcast Method | Variable Power per viewing device | PEPs (gCO2e/s) | +| ---------------- | --------------------------------- | -------------- | +| OTA/DTT | 1W | 0.00135 | +| Cable | 16W | 0.00535 | +| Satellite | 22W | 0.0114 | +| IPTV | 21W | 0.00549 | ### TV Viewing Emissions @@ -128,18 +141,22 @@ We follow the same methodology as described in [Consumer Devices](./consumer_dev We adapt the "synthetic TV system" for Linear TV accordingly: -- we don't include set-top-boxes (STBs) or decoders as they are already accounted for as part of household equipment required for TV content and ad distribution. -- we keep the assumption from Urban et Al that 7% of televisions come with a sound bar. +- Set-top boxes (STBs) and decoders are excluded, as they are already accounted for under household equipment. +- We retain the assumption from Urban et al. that 7% of televisions come with a sound bar. This results in the following TV system: -| Device | Power (W) | PEPS (gCO2e/s) | -| --- | --- | --- | -| TV System (Linear TV) | 75 | 0.0096 | +| Device | Power (W) | PEPS (gCO2e/s) | +| --------------------- | --------- | -------------- | +| TV System (Linear TV) | 75 | 0.0096 | + +### Estimating the number of TV impressions -### Impression Calculation +We estimate the number of TV devices reached using a co-viewing factor of 1.5, in line with published audience measurement benchmarks across major markets. This means that for every 1.5 audience impressions, we assume one TV device was used to view the content. +Example: -If TV impressions are not provided as model input, but unique reach and average frequency are, we assume a co-viewing factor of 1.5 to estimate the number of televisions - aligning with published ranges from TV audience measurement organizations across major markets. +- Input: 1,000,000 audience impressions for a TV spot +- Device count estimate: 1,000,000 ÷ 1.5 = 666,667 TV devices # Digital Out-of-Home (DOOH) @@ -166,6 +183,7 @@ However, on the contrary to consumer devices, billboards are owned or leased by ### Screen Emissions #### Embodied Emissions + Coming soon #### Energy Consumption @@ -181,6 +199,7 @@ On the contrary to [consumer device emissions](./consumer_devices), we have foun When no screen attribute or energy data is available to us for a given screen, we estimate the power draw of that screen to be "the 80th percentile" amongst screens that media owner and/or venue category and/or country (based on statistical relevance). This approach aims to incentivize more media owners to share power draw data with us and the wider advertising industry. ### Corporate Emissions + See [Corporate Emissions](./corporate_model) ### Ad Selection Emissions @@ -189,9 +208,11 @@ On the contrary to other digital channels, in DOOH no standard like ads.txt exis We are currently developping alternative ways for DOOH media owners to share this information with us. Until then, ad selection emissions will be considered 0. ### Creative Data Transfer Emissions + See [Emissions from Data Transfer](./data_transfer) ### Screen Disposal Emissions + To be discussed. ## Additional Considerations @@ -204,4 +225,5 @@ For this reason, our modelling is done "per play" and translated to "per impress When no impression multiplier data is provided to us for a given screen, we once again estimate that value to be the 80th percentile amongst screens that media owner and/or venue category and/or country (based on statistical relevance). ### Renewable Energy Usage + To be discussed. diff --git a/docs/snippets/defaults_broadcasting.mdx b/docs/snippets/defaults_broadcasting.mdx index 2c1cd2e0..b497b6ea 100644 --- a/docs/snippets/defaults_broadcasting.mdx +++ b/docs/snippets/defaults_broadcasting.mdx @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ default_percent_tv_distribution_method_by_country: ota: 45.4 satellite: 4.6 DE: - cable: 41.6 + cable: 41.5 iptv: 9.6 ota: 3.4 satellite: 45.5 @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ default_percent_tv_distribution_method_by_country: US: cable: 43.3 iptv: 20.7 - ota: 19.2 + ota: 19.3 satellite: 16.7 default_tv_signal_preparation_power_watt: 16700 default_tv_signal_transmission_power_by_tv_distribution_method_watt: diff --git a/docs/snippets/defaults_channel_mapping.mdx b/docs/snippets/defaults_channel_mapping.mdx index 565930b8..e9a8d022 100644 --- a/docs/snippets/defaults_channel_mapping.mdx +++ b/docs/snippets/defaults_channel_mapping.mdx @@ -26,10 +26,7 @@ default_channel_by_device: tv: - linear-tv - ctv-bvod - - social - audio - - app - - streaming-video smart-speaker: - audio default_device_by_channel: @@ -96,5 +93,4 @@ default_property_g_per_imp_by_channel: audio: 0.049 app: 0.049 web: 0.049 - linear-tv: 0.280 ```