programming_languages.md

• programming languages
• There are over 700 programming languages: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages
• ranking: https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/
• Open source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_programming_languages
  • General Purpose Languages
    • Python – Easy-to-read, great for scripting, data science, and automation.
    • Java – Widely used, object-oriented, portable across platforms.
    • C – Low-level, procedural, fast; used in OS and embedded systems.
    • C++ – C with object-oriented features; used in gaming, simulations.
    • C# – Microsoft’s modern language; used in Windows and game development (Unity).
    • Go (Golang) – Simple, fast, with native concurrency; popular in cloud dev.
    • Rust – Safe systems programming with no garbage collection.
    • Swift – For macOS/iOS apps; concise and fast.
    • Kotlin – Modern alternative to Java for Android.
    • D – Systems-level language with high-level features.
  • Web Development
    • JavaScript – Essential for client-side web interactivity.
    • TypeScript – Adds static types to JavaScript.
    • PHP – Server-side scripting; runs WordPress and more.
    • Ruby – Known for web dev with Ruby on Rails.
    • Elixir – Functional, built for scalability (Phoenix framework).
    • Erlang – Telecom-grade concurrency; real-time systems.
    • Dart – Optimized for frontend (Flutter apps).
    • CoffeeScript – Syntactic sugar over JavaScript.
    • Hack – PHP variant developed by Facebook.
    • Haxe – Multi-platform toolkit for apps and games.
  • Data Science & AI
    • R – Built for statistical computing and graphics.
    • Julia – High-performance for scientific computing.
    • MATLAB – Matrix-based language for engineering and simulations.
    • SAS – Statistical analysis, heavily used in business.
    • Prolog – Logic programming, AI research.
  • Functional Languages
    • Haskell – Purely functional, lazy evaluation.
    • OCaml – Functional + imperative; fast compilation.
    • F# – Functional-first, .NET-based.
    • Lisp – Powerful macros and symbolic processing.
    • Scheme – Minimalist Lisp dialect.
    • Clojure – Modern Lisp on JVM.
    • Elm – Functional, safe front-end web development.
    • Nim – Fast, expressive language with Python-like syntax.
  • Scripting & Automation
    • Bash – Unix shell scripting.
    • PowerShell – Microsoft’s task automation language.
    • Perl – Powerful text-processing and scripting.
    • Tcl – Simple scripting, often embedded.
    • Lua – Lightweight scripting for games and embedded systems.
    • AWK – Pattern scanning and processing.
    • Groovy – Scripting for the Java platform.
    • Zsh – Advanced shell with scripting capabilities.
    • Fish – User-friendly shell with scripting.
  • Systems & Low-Level
    • Assembly (x86, ARM) – Very low-level hardware-specific code.
    • VHDL – Hardware description language.
    • Verilog – Used for modeling electronic systems.
    • Fortran – Legacy scientific computing language.
    • Ada – Designed for safety-critical systems.
    • COBOL – Still used in banking and legacy systems.
    • Modula-2 – Successor of Pascal, modular systems.
    • Pascal – Teaching language, strong typing.
  • Game Development
    • GDScript – Scripting for the Godot engine.
    • HaxeFlixel – Game dev with Haxe.
    • TorqueScript – Scripting for the Torque Game Engine.
    • AngelScript – Embedded scripting, similar to C++.
    • UnrealScript – Older scripting language for Unreal Engine.
    • DarkBASIC – Game-oriented BASIC dialect.
  • Educational / Experimental
    • Scratch – Visual language for beginners.
    • Blockly – Google’s block-based coding tool.
    • Logo – Turtle graphics and logic for teaching.
    • Alice – 3D programming for teaching.
    • Smalltalk – OOP pioneer; highly dynamic.
    • Etoys – Educational, visual Smalltalk environment.
    • Blockly – Google’s block-based teaching tool.
    • PicoLisp – Minimalist Lisp dialect.
  • Cross-Platform / Multi-Paradigm
    • Vala – Modern language for GNOME.
    • Crystal – Ruby-like syntax, compiled and fast.
    • Zig – Safe and performant, alternative to C.
    • Red – Compact and runs on many platforms.
    • Rebol – Expressive, compact language.
    • Io – Minimalist prototype-based OO language.
    • Nimrod (Nim) – Expressive, compiles to C.
    • Pony – Actor-based, safe concurrent language.
  • Esoteric / Fun
    • Brainfuck – Minimal, unreadable, Turing-complete.
    • Whitespace – Only uses spaces, tabs, and newlines.
    • Befunge – 2D code execution.
    • Piet – Code is a picture.
    • LOLCODE – Meme-based programming syntax.
    • Chef – Code looks like cooking recipes.
    • Shakespeare – Code reads like a play.
  • DSLs & Special-Purpose
    • SQL – Query language for relational databases.
    • GraphQL – Query language for APIs.
    • HTML/CSS – Markup/styling, not programming but essential for the web.
    • VCL – Varnish Configuration Language.
    • Sed – Stream editor language.
    • Make – Build automation scripting.
    • XSLT – XML transformations.
    • Q# – Microsoft’s quantum computing language.
    • Solidity – Smart contracts for Ethereum.
    • Vyper – Pythonic Ethereum contract language.
  • Academic / Theoretical
    • Mercury – Logic-functional hybrid.
    • Agda – Dependently-typed functional language.
    • Coq – Interactive proof assistant with a functional core.
    • Idris – Functional language with dependent types.
    • Eiffel – Design-by-contract focused OOP.
    • ML – MetaLanguage; basis for OCaml and SML.
    • Standard ML – Strict functional programming.
    • Turing – Designed for teaching programming.
    • Chapel – Parallel programming for HPC.
    • Forth – Stack-based; used in embedded systems.
    • J – Array programming, successor to APL.
• Languages and repositories:
  • Go: https://github.com/golang/go
  • Swift: https://github.com/swiftlang/swift
  • Typescript: https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript
  • Rust: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust
  • Python: https://github.com/python/cpython
  • JDK: https://github.com/openjdk/jdk
  • Roslyn: https://github.com/dotnet/roslyn
  • php: https://github.com/php/php-src
  • CPP: https://github.com/cplusplus/draft
  • Powershell: https://github.com/PowerShell/PowerShell
  • scala: https://github.com/scala/scala
  • Kotlin: https://github.com/JetBrains/kotlin
  • Bash: https://github.com/bminor/bash
  • Dart: https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk
• India
  • Kojo
    • Developer: Lalit Pant, from India
    • Type: Educational programming language & environment
    • Purpose: Designed to help kids learn programming, math, and logic using a Scala-based environment.
    • Features: Visual programming, turtle graphics, and integration with music and geometry.
  • Vedic Programming Language (VPL) (experimental)
    • Inspiration: Based on Vedic Mathematics concepts
    • Status: Not widely adopted, mostly academic or research-based
    • Use: Aimed at creating efficient algorithms using ancient Indian math principles
    • Fun fact: Some educational institutions explored this for teaching optimization and logic.
  • Bharat Programming Language (proposed)
    • There have been discussions in the Indian developer community about creating an
      • Indian-language-based programming language —
      • especially one with syntax in Hindi or other native languages.
      • Some experimental projects tried this but haven't gone mainstream yet.
  • Sandesha
    • Purpose: Messaging protocol implementation using SOAP
    • Developed at: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), involvement in Apache Axis2
    • Not a language, but shows India's involvement in protocol/tool development.
  • Bonus: Experimental Languages in Indian Languages
    • Several GitHub projects and hackathons have tried creating programming languages
      • that use Hindi/Tamil/Bengali syntax — mainly for fun or accessibility.
    • Examples:
      • "BhaiLang" – a humorous pseudo-language with Hindi-English syntax (fun project, check it out on GitHub)
      • "Sanskrit-based programming" ideas in academic papers
• India’s contributions
  • Apache Hadoop – Co-created by Arun Murthy, Indian origin.
  • Apache Ambari – Indian engineers at Hortonworks.
  • Communities
    • INDIAai
    • FOSS United
• Applications of languages
  • C
    • Description
      • statically typed, procedural, compiled language
      • Bell Labs, Dennis Ritchie, 1972
      • for UNIX operating system building
      • platform-dependent
      • No garbage collection
        • code needs to be managed its own memory
      • Compiler:
        • GNU C Compiler (GCC)
    • OS: Linux, Windows, macOS kernels
    • Databases: MySQL, PostgreSQL
    • Interpreters: Python, Ruby
    • Embedded systems: Arduino, Raspberry Pi
    • Developer tools: Vim, Git
  • C++
    • Unreal Engine (C++)
  • C#
    • Game engines: Unity (C#)
  • Python
    • 1991, Guido van Rossum
    • frameworks: Django, Flask
  • Java
    • Definition
      • James Gosling, Sun Microsystems, 1990
      • platform-independent bytecode instead of machine code like C/C++
        • run in any os without recompilation
          • using Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
      • Garbage collection
      • Object-oriented
      • both compiled and interpreted at the same time
      • Machine needs JRE (Java Runtime Environment) to run
    • Web Apps
      • Spring, JavaServer Faces (JSF)
      • JavaServer Pages (JSP)
    • Big Data
      • Apache Hadoop, Apache Spark
    • Mobile Apps
      • Android development (Java/Kotlin)
    • Mars controller NASA Maestro Rover