From 411ba2138ba3d6feefd38c823f4d110d610872ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nils Leutenegger <nils.leutenegger@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 23:01:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] Create pc

---
 brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/pc | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/pc

diff --git a/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/pc b/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/pc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b1378917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/pc
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+

From f1d1cc91ab0b3d94a599a4389b644a395a4b007d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nils Leutenegger <nils.leutenegger@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 23:03:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] Add files via upload

---
 .../models/predictive_coding_pc/__init__.py   |   9 ++
 .../models/predictive_coding_pc/model.py      | 152 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../predictive_coding_pc/requirements.txt     |   2 +
 .../models/predictive_coding_pc/test.py       |   7 +
 4 files changed, 170 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/model.py
 create mode 100644 brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/requirements.txt
 create mode 100644 brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/test.py

diff --git a/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/__init__.py b/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e97c5425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from brainscore_vision import model_registry
+from brainscore_vision.model_helpers.brain_transformation import ModelCommitment
+from .model import get_model, get_layers
+
+model_registry['predictive_coding_pc'] = lambda: ModelCommitment(
+    identifier='predictive_coding_pc',
+    activations_model=get_model('predictive_coding_pc'),
+    layers=get_layers('predictive_coding_pc'),
+)
diff --git a/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/model.py b/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/model.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ca51b2604
--- /dev/null
+++ b/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+"""
+Brain-Score Model: Predictive Coding Visual Hierarchy
+======================================================
+Hierarchical Predictive Coding network (Rao & Ballard 1999).
+Layers r0-r3 correspond to ResNet-50 layer1-layer4 features.
+
+RSA against 7T fMRI (THINGS-fMRI, N=3 subjects) shows crossing
+hierarchy gradient: r0 maximally correlated with V1 (rho=0.30),
+r3 with IT (rho=0.16), interaction Δr0-Δr3 = +0.266, p=0.007.
+
+Reference:
+    Leutenegger, N. (2025).
+    https://github.com/nilsleut/Predictive-Coding-and-the-Visual-Cortex
+"""
+
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+import torchvision.models as models
+from torchvision import transforms
+from brainscore_vision.model_helpers.activations.pytorch import PytorchWrapper
+from brainscore_vision.model_helpers.brain_transformation import ModelCommitment
+from brainscore_vision.model_helpers.check_submission import check_models
+
+MODEL_IDENTIFIER = 'predictive_coding_pc'
+
+
+# ── PC Network ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+class PCConfig:
+    d_layer1 = 256;  d_layer2 = 512
+    d_layer3 = 1024; d_layer4 = 2048
+    T_infer  = 30;   lr_r     = 0.01
+
+
+class PredictiveCodingNet(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self, cfg):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.cfg = cfg
+        self.W1 = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(cfg.d_layer1, cfg.d_layer2) * 0.01)
+        self.W2 = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(cfg.d_layer2, cfg.d_layer3) * 0.01)
+        self.W3 = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(cfg.d_layer3, cfg.d_layer4) * 0.01)
+        self.b1 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(cfg.d_layer1))
+        self.b2 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(cfg.d_layer2))
+        self.b3 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(cfg.d_layer3))
+
+    def predict(self, r, W, b):
+        return torch.tanh(r @ W.T + b)
+
+    @torch.no_grad()
+    def infer(self, inputs):
+        cfg = self.cfg
+        r0, r1 = inputs['layer1'].clone(), inputs['layer2'].clone()
+        r2, r3 = inputs['layer3'].clone(), inputs['layer4'].clone()
+        for _ in range(cfg.T_infer):
+            eps0 = r0 - self.predict(r1, self.W1, self.b1)
+            eps1 = r1 - self.predict(r2, self.W2, self.b2)
+            eps2 = r2 - self.predict(r3, self.W3, self.b3)
+            r0 = r0 + cfg.lr_r * 0.5 * (-eps0)
+            r1 = r1 + cfg.lr_r * (-eps1 + eps0 @ self.W1)
+            r2 = r2 + cfg.lr_r * (-eps2 + eps1 @ self.W2)
+            r3 = r3 + cfg.lr_r * (eps2 @ self.W3)
+        return r0, r1, r2, r3
+
+
+# ── Brain-Score Wrapper ───────────────────────────────────────
+
+class PCWrapper(nn.Module):
+    """
+    Wraps PC network for Brain-Score.
+    Exposes r0-r3 as named Identity submodules for layer hooking.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        cfg = PCConfig()
+
+        # ResNet-50 feature extractor
+        resnet = models.resnet50(weights=models.ResNet50_Weights.IMAGENET1K_V1)
+        resnet.eval()
+        self._cache = {}
+        for name in ['layer1', 'layer2', 'layer3', 'layer4']:
+            def make_hook(n):
+                def hook(m, i, o):
+                    self._cache[n] = o.mean(dim=[2, 3])
+                return hook
+            getattr(resnet, name).register_forward_hook(make_hook(name))
+        self.resnet = resnet
+
+        # PC network — random init (inference dynamics drive hierarchy)
+        torch.manual_seed(42)
+        self.pc = PredictiveCodingNet(cfg)
+
+        # Named hook targets for Brain-Score
+        self.r0 = nn.Identity()
+        self.r1 = nn.Identity()
+        self.r2 = nn.Identity()
+        self.r3 = nn.Identity()
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        self._cache.clear()
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            self.resnet(x)
+        feats = {k: self._cache[k] for k in
+                 ['layer1', 'layer2', 'layer3', 'layer4']}
+        r0, r1, r2, r3 = self.pc.infer(feats)
+        self.r0(r0)
+        self.r1(r1)
+        self.r2(r2)
+        return self.r3(r3)
+
+
+# ── Brain-Score API ───────────────────────────────────────────
+
+def get_model(identifier):
+    assert identifier == MODEL_IDENTIFIER
+    model = PCWrapper()
+    model.eval()
+
+    preprocessing = transforms.Compose([
+        transforms.Resize(256),
+        transforms.CenterCrop(224),
+        transforms.ToTensor(),
+        transforms.Normalize(
+            mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406],
+            std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225],
+        ),
+    ])
+
+    return PytorchWrapper(
+        identifier=identifier,
+        model=model,
+        preprocessing=preprocessing,
+        batch_size=32,
+    )
+
+
+def get_layers(identifier):
+    return ['r0', 'r1', 'r2', 'r3']
+
+
+def get_bibtex(identifier):
+    return """
+@misc{leutenegger2025pc,
+  title={Predictive Coding and the Visual Cortex},
+  author={Leutenegger, Nils},
+  year={2025},
+  url={https://github.com/nilsleut/Predictive-Coding-and-the-Visual-Cortex}
+}
+"""
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    check_models.check_base_models(__name__)
diff --git a/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/requirements.txt b/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ac988bdf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+torch
+torchvision
diff --git a/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/test.py b/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/test.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..696d1f451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/brainscore_vision/models/predictive_coding_pc/test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import pytest
+import brainscore_vision
+
+
+def test_has_identifier():
+    model = brainscore_vision.load_model('predictive_coding_pc')
+    assert model.identifier == 'predictive_coding_pc'