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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
<link rel="canonical" href="http://backbonejs.org" />
<title>Backbone.js</title>
<style>
body {
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 22px;
font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial;
background: #f4f4f4 url(docs/images/background.png);
}
.interface {
font-family: "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important;
}
div#sidebar {
background: #fff;
position: fixed;
z-index: 10;
top: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0;
width: 200px;
overflow-y: auto;
overflow-x: hidden;
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
padding: 15px 0 30px 30px;
border-right: 1px solid #bbb;
box-shadow: 0 0 20px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px #ccc; -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 20px #ccc;
}
a.toc_title, a.toc_title:visited {
display: block;
color: black;
font-weight: bold;
margin-top: 15px;
}
a.toc_title:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
#sidebar .version {
font-size: 10px;
font-weight: normal;
}
ul.toc_section {
font-size: 11px;
line-height: 14px;
margin: 5px 0 0 0;
padding-left: 0px;
list-style-type: none;
font-family: "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
.toc_section li {
cursor: pointer;
margin: 0 0 3px 0;
}
.toc_section li a {
text-decoration: none;
color: black;
}
.toc_section li a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
div.container {
position: relative;
width: 550px;
margin: 40px 0 50px 260px;
}
img#logo {
width: 450px;
height: 80px;
}
div.run {
position: absolute;
right: 15px;
width: 26px; height: 18px;
background: url('docs/images/arrows.png') no-repeat -26px 0;
}
div.run:active {
background-position: -51px 0;
}
p, div.container ul {
margin: 25px 0;
width: 550px;
}
p.warning {
font-size: 12px;
line-height: 18px;
font-style: italic;
}
div.container ul {
list-style: circle;
padding-left: 15px;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 18px;
}
div.container ul li {
margin-bottom: 10px;
}
div.container ul.small {
font-size: 12px;
}
a, a:visited {
color: #444;
}
a:active, a:hover {
color: #000;
}
a.punch {
display: inline-block;
background: #4162a8;
border-top: 1px solid #38538c;
border-right: 1px solid #1f2d4d;
border-bottom: 1px solid #151e33;
border-left: 1px solid #1f2d4d;
-webkit-border-radius: 4px;
-moz-border-radius: 4px;
-ms-border-radius: 4px;
-o-border-radius: 4px;
border-radius: 4px;
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
-moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
-ms-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
-o-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
color: #fff;
font: bold 14px "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;
line-height: 1;
margin-bottom: 15px;
padding: 8px 0 10px 0;
text-align: center;
text-shadow: 0px -1px 1px #1e2d4d;
text-decoration: none;
width: 225px;
-webkit-background-clip: padding-box; }
a.punch:hover {
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
-moz-box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
-ms-box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
-o-box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
cursor: pointer; }
a.punch:active {
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
-moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
-ms-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
-o-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px; }
a img {
border: 0;
}
a.travis-badge {
display: block;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
padding-top: 20px;
}
h2 {
font-size: 22px;
}
b.header {
font-size: 18px;
line-height: 35px;
}
span.alias {
font-size: 14px;
font-style: italic;
margin-left: 20px;
}
table {
margin: 15px 0 0; padding: 0;
}
tr, td {
margin: 0; padding: 0;
}
td {
padding: 0px 15px 5px 0;
}
table .rule {
height: 1px;
background: #ccc;
margin: 5px 0;
}
code, pre, tt {
font-family: Monaco, Consolas, "Lucida Console", monospace;
font-size: 12px;
line-height: 18px;
font-style: normal;
}
tt {
padding: 0px 3px;
background: #fff;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
zoom: 1;
}
code {
margin-left: 20px;
}
pre {
font-size: 12px;
padding: 2px 0 2px 15px;
border: 4px solid #bbb; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;
margin: 0px 0 25px;
}
img.example_image {
margin: 0px auto;
}
img.example_retina {
margin: 20px;
box-shadow: 0 8px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);
}
@media only screen and (-webkit-max-device-pixel-ratio: 1) and (max-width: 600px),
only screen and (max--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 1) and (max-width: 600px) {
div#sidebar {
display: none;
}
img#logo {
max-width: 450px;
width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
div.container {
width: auto;
margin-left: 15px;
margin-right: 15px;
}
p, div.container ul {
width: auto;
}
}
@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5) and (max-width: 640px),
only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3/2) and (max-width: 640px),
only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5) and (max-width: 640px) {
img {
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
div#sidebar {
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: initial;
position: relative;
width: 90%;
height: 120px;
left: 0;
top: -7px;
padding: 10px 0 10px 30px;
border: 0;
}
img#logo {
width: auto;
height: auto;
}
div.container {
margin: 0;
width: 100%;
}
p, div.container ul {
max-width: 98%;
overflow-x: scroll;
}
table {
position: relative;
}
tr:first-child td {
padding-bottom: 25px;
}
td.text {
line-height: 12px;
padding: 0;
position: absolute;
left: 0;
top: 48px;
}
tr:last-child td.text {
top: 122px;
}
pre {
overflow: scroll;
}
}
img.figure {
width: 100%;
}
div.columns {
display: table;
table-layout: fixed;
width: 100%;
}
div.columns ul {
margin: 10px 0;
}
div.col-50 {
display: table-cell;
width: 50%;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="sidebar" class="interface">
<a class="toc_title" href="#">
Backbone.js <span class="version">(1.2.3)</span>
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>» <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/backbone">GitHub Repository</a></li>
<li>» <a href="docs/backbone.html">Annotated Source</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Getting-started">
Getting Started
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>- <a href="#Getting-started">Introduction</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-View-separation">Models and Views</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-Collections">Collections</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#API-integration">API Integration</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-rendering">Rendering</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Routing">Routing</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Events">
Events
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Events-on">on</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Events-off">off</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Events-trigger">trigger</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Events-once">once</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Events-listenTo">listenTo</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Events-stopListening">stopListening</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Events-listenToOnce">listenToOnce</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#Events-catalog"><b>Catalog of Built-in Events</b></a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Model">
Model
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Model-extend">extend</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-get">get</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-set">set</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-escape">escape</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-has">has</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-unset">unset</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-clear">clear</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-id">id</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-idAttribute">idAttribute</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-cid">cid</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-attributes">attributes</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-changed">changed</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-defaults">defaults</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-toJSON">toJSON</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-sync">sync</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-fetch">fetch</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-save">save</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-destroy">destroy</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-Underscore-Methods"><b>Underscore Methods (9)</b></a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-validate">validate</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-validationError">validationError</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-isValid">isValid</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-url">url</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-urlRoot">urlRoot</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-parse">parse</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-clone">clone</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-isNew">isNew</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-hasChanged">hasChanged</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-changedAttributes">changedAttributes</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-previous">previous</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Model-previousAttributes">previousAttributes</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Collection">
Collection
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Collection-extend">extend</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-model">model</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-modelId">modelId</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-models">models</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-toJSON">toJSON</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-sync">sync</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-Underscore-Methods"><b>Underscore Methods (46)</b></a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-add">add</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-remove">remove</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-reset">reset</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-set">set</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-get">get</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-at">at</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-push">push</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-pop">pop</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-unshift">unshift</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-shift">shift</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-slice">slice</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-length">length</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-comparator">comparator</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-sort">sort</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-pluck">pluck</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-where">where</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-findWhere">findWhere</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-url">url</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-parse">parse</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-clone">clone</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-fetch">fetch</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Collection-create">create</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Router">
Router
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Router-extend">extend</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Router-routes">routes</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Router-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Router-route">route</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Router-navigate">navigate</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Router-execute">execute</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#History">
History
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#History-start">start</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Sync">
Sync
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Sync-ajax">Backbone.ajax</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Sync-emulateHTTP">Backbone.emulateHTTP</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Sync-emulateJSON">Backbone.emulateJSON</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#View">
View
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#View-extend">extend</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-el">el</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-$el">$el</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-setElement">setElement</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-attributes">attributes</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-dollar">$ (jQuery)</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-template">template</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-render">render</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-remove">remove</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-events">events</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-delegateEvents">delegateEvents</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#View-undelegateEvents">undelegateEvents</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#Utility">
Utility
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#Utility-Backbone-noConflict">Backbone.noConflict</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#Utility-Backbone-$">Backbone.$</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#faq">
F.A.Q.
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-why-backbone">Why Backbone?</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-tim-toady">More Than One Way To Do It</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-nested">Nested Models & Collections</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-bootstrap">Loading Bootstrapped Models</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-extending">Extending Backbone</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-mvc">Traditional MVC</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-this">Binding "this"</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#FAQ-rails">Working with Rails</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#examples">
Examples
</a>
<ul class="toc_section">
<li>– <a href="#examples-todos">Todos</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-documentcloud">DocumentCloud</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-usa-today">USA Today</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-rdio">Rdio</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-hulu">Hulu</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-quartz">Quartz</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-earth">Earth</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-vox">Vox</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-gawker">Gawker Media</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-flow">Flow</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-gilt">Gilt Groupe</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-enigma">Enigma</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-newsblur">NewsBlur</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-wordpress">WordPress.com</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-foursquare">Foursquare</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-bitbucket">Bitbucket</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-disqus">Disqus</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-delicious">Delicious</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-khan-academy">Khan Academy</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-irccloud">IRCCloud</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-pitchfork">Pitchfork</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-spin">Spin</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-zocdoc">ZocDoc</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-walmart">Walmart Mobile</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-groupon">Groupon Now!</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-basecamp">Basecamp</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-slavery-footprint">Slavery Footprint</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-stripe">Stripe</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-airbnb">Airbnb</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-soundcloud">SoundCloud Mobile</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#examples-artsy">Art.sy</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-pandora">Pandora</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-inkling">Inkling</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-code-school">Code School</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-cloudapp">CloudApp</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-seatgeek">SeatGeek</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-easel">Easel</a></li>
<li>- <a href="#examples-jolicloud">Jolicloud</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-salon">Salon.io</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-tilemill">TileMill</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-blossom">Blossom</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-trello">Trello</a></li>
<li>– <a href="#examples-tzigla">Tzigla</a></li>
</ul>
<a class="toc_title" href="#changelog">
Change Log
</a>
</div>
<div class="container">
<p>
<img id="logo" src="docs/images/backbone.png" alt="Backbone.js" />
</p>
<p>
Backbone.js gives structure to web applications
by providing <b>models</b> with key-value binding and custom events,
<b>collections</b> with a rich API of enumerable functions,
<b>views</b> with declarative event handling, and connects it all to your
existing API over a RESTful JSON interface.
</p>
<p>
The project is <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/">hosted on GitHub</a>,
and the <a href="docs/backbone.html">annotated source code</a> is available,
as well as an online <a href="test/">test suite</a>,
an <a href="examples/todos/index.html">example application</a>,
a <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/wiki/Tutorials%2C-blog-posts-and-example-sites">list of tutorials</a>
and a <a href="#examples">long list of real-world projects</a> that use Backbone.
Backbone is available for use under the <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/blob/master/LICENSE">MIT software license</a>.
</p>
<p>
You can report bugs and discuss features on the
<a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/issues">GitHub issues page</a>,
on Freenode IRC in the <tt>#documentcloud</tt> channel, post questions to the
<a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/backbonejs">Google Group</a>,
add pages to the <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/wiki">wiki</a>
or send tweets to <a href="http://twitter.com/documentcloud">@documentcloud</a>.
</p>
<p>
<i>
Backbone is an open-source component of
<a href="http://documentcloud.org/">DocumentCloud</a>.
</i>
</p>
<h2 id="downloads">
Downloads & Dependencies
<span style="padding-left: 7px; font-size:11px; font-weight: normal;" class="interface">(Right-click, and use "Save As")</span>
</h2>
<table>
<tr>
<td><a class="punch" href="backbone.js">Development Version (1.2.3)</a></td>
<td class="text"><i>69kb, Full source, tons of comments</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="punch" href="backbone-min.js">Production Version (1.2.3)</a></td>
<td class="text" style="line-height: 16px;">
<i>7.3kb, Packed and gzipped</i><br />
<small>(<a href="backbone-min.map">Source Map</a>)</small>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="punch" href="https://raw.github.com/jashkenas/backbone/master/backbone.js">Edge Version (master)</a></td>
<td>
<i>Unreleased, use at your own risk</i>
<a class="travis-badge" href="https://travis-ci.org/jashkenas/backbone">
<img src="https://travis-ci.org/jashkenas/backbone.png" />
</a>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
Backbone's only hard dependency is
<a href="http://underscorejs.org/">Underscore.js</a> <small>( >= 1.7.0)</small>.
For RESTful persistence and DOM manipulation with <a href="#View">Backbone.View</a>,
include <b><a href="http://jquery.com">jQuery</a></b> ( >= 1.11.0), and
<b><a href="https://github.com/douglascrockford/JSON-js">json2.js</a></b> for older
Internet Explorer support.
<i>(Mimics of the Underscore and jQuery APIs, such as
<a href="http://lodash.com">Lo-Dash</a> and
<a href="http://zeptojs.com">Zepto</a>, will
also tend to work, with varying degrees of compatibility.)</i>
</p>
<h2 id="Getting-started">Getting Started</h2>
<p>
When working on a web application that involves a lot of JavaScript, one
of the first things you learn is to stop tying your data to the DOM. It's all
too easy to create JavaScript applications that end up as tangled piles of
jQuery selectors and callbacks, all trying frantically to keep data in
sync between the HTML UI, your JavaScript logic, and the database on your
server. For rich client-side applications, a more structured approach
is often helpful.
</p>
<p>
With Backbone, you represent your data as
<a href="#Model">Models</a>, which can be created, validated, destroyed,
and saved to the server. Whenever a UI action causes an attribute of
a model to change, the model triggers a <i>"change"</i> event; all
the <a href="#View">Views</a> that display the model's state can be notified of the
change, so that they are able to respond accordingly, re-rendering themselves with
the new information. In a finished Backbone app, you don't have to write the glue
code that looks into the DOM to find an element with a specific <i>id</i>,
and update the HTML manually
— when the model changes, the views simply update themselves.
</p>
<p>
Philosophically, Backbone is an attempt to discover the minimal set
of data-structuring (models and collections) and user interface (views
and URLs) primitives that are generally useful when building web applications with
JavaScript. In an ecosystem where overarching, decides-everything-for-you
frameworks are commonplace, and many libraries require your site to be
reorganized to suit their look, feel, and default behavior — Backbone should
continue to be a tool that gives you the <i>freedom</i> to design the full
experience of your web application.
</p>
<p>
If you're new here, and aren't yet quite sure what Backbone is for, start by
browsing the <a href="#examples">list of Backbone-based projects</a>.
</p>
<p>
Many of the code examples in this documentation are runnable, because
Backbone is included on this page.
Click the <i>play</i> button to execute them.
</p>
<h2 id="Model-View-separation">Models and Views</h2>
<img class="figure" src="docs/images/intro-model-view.svg" alt="Model-View Separation.">
<p>
The single most important thing that Backbone can help you with is keeping
your business logic separate from your user interface. When the two are
entangled, change is hard; when logic doesn't depend on UI, your
interface becomes easier to work with.
</p>
<div class="columns">
<div class="col-50">
<b>Model</b>
<ul>
<li>Orchestrates data and business logic.</li>
<li>Loads and saves from the server.</li>
<li>Emits events when data changes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-50">
<b>View</b>
<ul>
<li>Listens for changes and renders UI.</li>
<li>Handles user input and interactivity.</li>
<li>Sends captured input to the model.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<p>
A <b>Model</b> manages an internal table of data attributes, and
triggers <tt>"change"</tt> events when any of its data is modified.
Models handle syncing data with a persistence layer — usually a REST API
with a backing database. Design your models as the atomic reusable objects
containing all of the helpful functions for manipulating their particular
bit of data. Models should be able to be passed around throughout your app,
and used anywhere that bit of data is needed.
</p>
<p>
A <b>View</b> is an atomic chunk of user interface. It often renders the
data from a specific model, or number of models — but views can
also be data-less chunks of UI that stand alone.
Models should be generally unaware of views. Instead, views listen to
the model <tt>"change"</tt> events, and react or re-render themselves
appropriately.
</p>
<h2 id="Model-Collections">Collections</h2>
<img class="figure" src="docs/images/intro-collections.svg" alt="Model Collections.">
<p>
A <b>Collection</b> helps you deal with a group of related models, handling
the loading and saving of new models to the server and providing helper
functions for performing aggregations or computations against a list of models.
Aside from their own events, collections also proxy through all of the
events that occur to models within them, allowing you to listen in one place
for any change that might happen to any model in the collection.
</p>
<h2 id="API-integration">API Integration</h2>
<p>
Backbone is pre-configured to sync with a RESTful API. Simply create a
new Collection with the <tt>url</tt> of your resource endpoint:
</p>
<pre>
var Books = Backbone.Collection.extend({
url: '/books'
});
</pre>
<p>
The <b>Collection</b> and <b>Model</b> components together form a direct
mapping of REST resources using the following methods:
</p>
<pre>
GET /books/ .... collection.fetch();
POST /books/ .... collection.create();
GET /books/1 ... model.fetch();
PUT /books/1 ... model.save();
DEL /books/1 ... model.destroy();
</pre>
<p>
When fetching raw JSON data from an API, a <b>Collection</b> will
automatically populate itself with data formatted as an array, while
a <b>Model</b> will automatically populate itself with data formatted
as an object:
</p>
<pre>
[{"id": 1}] ..... populates a Collection with one model.
{"id": 1} ....... populates a Model with one attribute.
</pre>
<p>
However, it's fairly common to encounter APIs that return data in a
different format than what Backbone expects. For example, consider
fetching a <b>Collection</b> from an API that returns the real data
array wrapped in metadata:
</p>
<pre>
{
"page": 1,
"limit": 10,
"total": 2,
"books": [
{"id": 1, "title": "Pride and Prejudice"},
{"id": 4, "title": "The Great Gatsby"}
]
}
</pre>
<p>
In the above example data, a <b>Collection</b> should populate using the
<tt>"books"</tt> array rather than the root object structure. This
difference is easily reconciled using a <tt>parse</tt> method that
returns (or transforms) the desired portion of API data:
</p>
<pre>
var Books = Backbone.Collection.extend({
url: '/books',
parse: function(data) {
return data.books;
}
});
</pre>
<h2 id="View-rendering">View Rendering</h2>
<img class="figure" src="docs/images/intro-views.svg" alt="View rendering.">
<p>
Each <b>View</b> manages the rendering and user interaction within its own
DOM element. If you're strict about not allowing views to reach outside
of themselves, it helps keep your interface flexible — allowing
views to be rendered in isolation in any place where they might be needed.
</p>
<p>
Backbone remains unopinionated about the process used to render <b>View</b>
objects and their subviews into UI: you define how your models get translated
into HTML (or SVG, or Canvas, or something even more exotic).
It could be as prosaic as a simple
<a href="http://underscorejs.org/#template">Underscore template</a>, or as fancy as the
<a href="http://facebook.github.io/react/docs/tutorial.html">React virtual DOM</a>.
Some basic approaches to rendering views can be found
in the <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/wiki/Backbone%2C-The-Primer">Backbone primer</a>.
</p>
<h2 id="Routing">Routing with URLs</h2>
<img class="figure" src="docs/images/intro-routing.svg" alt="Routing">
<p>
In rich web applications, we still want to provide linkable,
bookmarkable, and shareable URLs to meaningful locations within an app.
Use the <b>Router</b> to update the browser URL whenever the user
reaches a new "place" in your app that they might want to bookmark or share.
Conversely, the <b>Router</b> detects changes to the URL — say,
pressing the "Back" button — and can tell your application exactly where you
are now.
</p>
<h2 id="Events">Backbone.Events</h2>
<p>
<b>Events</b> is a module that can be mixed in to any object, giving the
object the ability to bind and trigger custom named events. Events do not
have to be declared before they are bound, and may take passed arguments.
For example:
</p>
<pre class="runnable">
var object = {};
_.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
object.on("alert", function(msg) {
alert("Triggered " + msg);
});
object.trigger("alert", "an event");
</pre>
<p>
For example, to make a handy event dispatcher that can coordinate events
among different areas of your application: <tt>var dispatcher = _.clone(Backbone.Events)</tt>
</p>
<p id="Events-on">
<b class="header">on</b><code>object.on(event, callback, [context])</code><span class="alias">Alias: bind</span>
<br />
Bind a <b>callback</b> function to an object. The callback will be invoked
whenever the <b>event</b> is fired.
If you have a large number of different events on a page, the convention is to use colons to
namespace them: <tt>"poll:start"</tt>, or <tt>"change:selection"</tt>.
The event string may also be a space-delimited list of several events...
</p>
<pre>
book.on("change:title change:author", ...);
</pre>
<p>
Callbacks bound to the special
<tt>"all"</tt> event will be triggered when any event occurs, and are passed
the name of the event as the first argument. For example, to proxy all events
from one object to another:
</p>
<pre>
proxy.on("all", function(eventName) {
object.trigger(eventName);
});
</pre>
<p>
All Backbone event methods also support an event map syntax, as an alternative
to positional arguments:
</p>
<pre>
book.on({
"change:author": authorPane.update,
"change:title change:subtitle": titleView.update,
"destroy": bookView.remove
});
</pre>
<p>
To supply a <b>context</b> value for <tt>this</tt> when the callback is invoked,
pass the optional last argument: <tt>model.on('change', this.render, this)</tt> or
<tt>model.on({change: this.render}, this)</tt>.
</p>
<p id="Events-off">
<b class="header">off</b><code>object.off([event], [callback], [context])</code><span class="alias">Alias: unbind</span>
<br />
Remove a previously-bound <b>callback</b> function from an object. If no
<b>context</b> is specified, all of the versions of the callback with
different contexts will be removed. If no
callback is specified, all callbacks for the <b>event</b> will be
removed. If no event is specified, callbacks for <i>all</i> events
will be removed.
</p>
<pre>
// Removes just the `onChange` callback.
object.off("change", onChange);
// Removes all "change" callbacks.
object.off("change");
// Removes the `onChange` callback for all events.
object.off(null, onChange);
// Removes all callbacks for `context` for all events.
object.off(null, null, context);
// Removes all callbacks on `object`.
object.off();
</pre>
<p>
Note that calling <tt>model.off()</tt>, for example, will indeed remove <i>all</i> events
on the model — including events that Backbone uses for internal bookkeeping.
</p>
<p id="Events-trigger">
<b class="header">trigger</b><code>object.trigger(event, [*args])</code>
<br />
Trigger callbacks for the given <b>event</b>, or space-delimited list of events.
Subsequent arguments to <b>trigger</b> will be passed along to the
event callbacks.
</p>
<p id="Events-once">
<b class="header">once</b><code>object.once(event, callback, [context])</code>
<br />
Just like <a href="#Events-on">on</a>, but causes the bound callback to fire
only once before being removed. Handy for saying "the next time that X happens, do this".
When multiple events are passed in using the space separated syntax, the event will fire once
for every event you passed in, not once for a combination of all events
</p>
<p id="Events-listenTo">
<b class="header">listenTo</b><code>object.listenTo(other, event, callback)</code>
<br />
Tell an <b>object</b> to listen to a particular event on an <b>other</b>
object. The advantage of using this form, instead of <tt>other.on(event,
callback, object)</tt>, is that <b>listenTo</b> allows the <b>object</b>
to keep track of the events, and they can be removed all at once later
on. The <b>callback</b> will always be called with <b>object</b> as
context.
</p>
<pre>
view.listenTo(model, 'change', view.render);
</pre>
<p id="Events-stopListening">
<b class="header">stopListening</b><code>object.stopListening([other], [event], [callback])</code>
<br />
Tell an <b>object</b> to stop listening to events. Either call
<b>stopListening</b> with no arguments to have the <b>object</b> remove
all of its <a href="#Events-listenTo">registered</a> callbacks ... or be more
precise by telling it to remove just the events it's listening to on a
specific object, or a specific event, or just a specific callback.
</p>
<pre>
view.stopListening();
view.stopListening(model);
</pre>
<p id="Events-listenToOnce">
<b class="header">listenToOnce</b><code>object.listenToOnce(other, event, callback)</code>
<br />
Just like <a href="#Events-listenTo">listenTo</a>, but causes the bound
callback to fire only once before being removed.
</p>
<p id="Events-catalog">
<b class="header">Catalog of Events</b>
<br />
Here's the complete list of built-in Backbone events, with arguments.
You're also free to trigger your own events on Models, Collections and
Views as you see fit. The <tt>Backbone</tt> object itself mixes in <tt>Events</tt>,
and can be used to emit any global events that your application needs.
</p>