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    <main>
        <section class="topic-section" id="data-types">
            <h2>Data Types</h2>
            <p>In Python, data types categorize the types of values that variables can hold. They define how the values
                can be stored, manipulated, and operated upon in a program. Python is dynamically typed, meaning you
                don't need to explicitly declare the data type of a variable; the interpreter determines it based on the
                assigned value.</p>
            <p class="highlight-block">Common data types include integers, floating-point numbers, strings, lists,
                tuples, dictionaries, sets</p>


            <section id="numeric-types">
                <h3>Numeric Types <a
                        href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-complex"
                        target="_blank" rel="noopener"
                        aria-label="Get detailed information about Numeric Types in python official documentation (open in new tab)"><i
                            class="fa-solid fa-circle-info"></i></a></h3>
                <p>Numeric types in Python represent numerical values and are essential for performing mathematical
                    operations. The main numeric types are
                    <span class="highlight-text">int</span> (integer), <span class="highlight-text">float</span>
                    (floating-point), and
                    <span class="highlight-text">complex</span> (complex numbers).
                </p>

                <h4>Integer</h4>
                <p>Represents whole numbers without any decimal points.</p>
                <p>Can be positive or negative.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">num_int = 42
negative_int = -10
</code></pre>

                <h4>Floating-Point</h4>
                <p>Represents numbers with decimal points or in exponential form.</p>
                <p>Can be used to represent real numbers.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">num_float = 3.14
</code></pre>

                <h4>Complex Numbers</h4>
                <p>Represents numbers in the form of a + bj, where "a" and "b" are real numbers, and "j" is the
                    imaginary
                    unit.</p>
                <p>Useful in mathematical and engineering applications.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">num_complex = 2 + 3j
</code></pre>

                <h4>Operations on Numeric Types</h4>
                <p>Python supports various arithmetic operations on numeric types:</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python"># Examples:
a = 10
b = 3

# Addition
sum_result = a + b  # Result: 13

# Subtraction
diff_result = a - b  # Result: 7

# Multiplication
prod_result = a * b  # Result: 30

# Division
div_result = a / b   # Result: 3.3333 (floating-point division)

# Floor Division (returns the floor value)
floor_div_result = a // b  # Result: 3

# Modulus (returns the remainder)
mod_result = a % b  # Result: 1

# Exponentiation
exp_result = a ** b  # Result: 1000
</code></pre>
            </section>

            <section id="string">
                <h3>String <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#text-sequence-type-str"
                        target="_blank" rel="noopener"
                        aria-label="Get detailed information about String type in python official documentation (open in new tab)"><i
                            class="fa-solid fa-circle-info"></i></a></h3>
                <p>Strings are sequences of characters, and they can be defined using either single quotes (') or double
                    quotes (").</p>
                <p><span class="highlight-text">Strings are immutable</span>, meaning you cannot change the characters
                    of an existing string directly.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_string = "Hello, Python!"
</code></pre>
                <h4>Accessing Characters</h4>
                <p>You can access individual characters in a string using indexing.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_string = "Hello, Python!"
first_char = my_string[0]  # Result: 'H'
</code></pre>

                <h4>String Slicing</h4>
                <p>Slicing allows you to extract a portion of the string.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python"># Initial string
my_string = "Python Programming"

# String Slicing
substring_1 = my_string[0:6]    # Result: 'Python'
substring_2 = my_string[7:18]   # Result: 'Programming'
substring_3 = my_string[:6]     # Result: 'Python' (omitting start index defaults to 0)
substring_4 = my_string[7:]     # Result: 'Programming' (omitting end index defaults to the end)

# Slicing with a step
substring_5 = my_string[0:10:2]  # Result: 'Pto rg' (every second character from index 0 to 9)

# Reverse the string using slicing
reversed_string = my_string[::-1]  # Result: 'gnimmargorP nohtyP'
</code></pre>

                <h4>Useful String Methods</h4>
                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">len()</span> - returns the length (number of
                        characters) of a string.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_string = "Hello, Python!"
length = len(my_string)  # Result: 13
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">lower() and upper()</span> - converts all characters in
                        a string to lowercase and
                        uppercase appropriately</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_string = "Hello, Python!"
lowercase_str = my_string.lower()  # Result: 'hello, python!'
uppercase_str = my_string.upper()  # Result: 'HELLO, PYTHON!'
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">strip()</span> - removes leading and trailing whitespaces from a
                        string.</p>
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">lstrip()</span> - removes leading whitespaces.</p>
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">rstrip()</span> - removes trailing whitespaces</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">padded_str = "   Python   "
stripped_str = padded_str.strip()  # Result: 'Python'
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">replace()</span> - replaces a specified substring with another
                        substring.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_string = "Hello, Python!"
new_str = my_string.replace("Python", "World")  # Result: 'Hello, World!'
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">find()</span> - returns the index of the first occurrence of a
                        substring (or -1 if not found).</p>
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">count()</span> - returns the number of occurrences of a substring.
                    </p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_string = "Hello, Python!"
index = my_string.find("Python")  # Result: 7
occurrences = my_string.count("o")  # Result: 2
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">split()</span> - splits a string into a list of substrings based on
                        a specified delimiter.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_string = "Hello, Python!"
words = my_string.split(",")  # Result: ['Hello', ' Python!']
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">join()</span> - joins elements of a sequence (like a list) into a
                        string using the specified separator.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">word_list = ["Hello", "Python!"]
joined_str = ",".join(word_list)  # Result: 'Hello,Python!'
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">startswith() and endswith()</span> - checks if a string starts or
                        ends with a specified substring.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_string = "Hello, Python!"
starts_with = my_string.startswith("Hello")  # Result: True
ends_with = my_string.endswith("Python")  # Result: False
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <p class="highlight-block"><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods"
                        target="_blank" rel="noopener"
                        aria-label="Check Check the entire list of strings' methods in python documentation (open in new tab)">Check
                        the entire list of strings' methods</a></p>

                <h4>String Format</h4>
                <p>The most common and versatile method for string formatting is using <span
                        class="highlight-text">f-strings</span>.</p>
                <p>An f<span class="highlight-text">-string</span> is created by prefixing a string with the letter "f"
                </p>
                <p>You can embed expressions inside curly braces <span class="highlight-text">{}</span> within the
                    string.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">name = "Alice"
age = 30
formatted_str = f"My name is {name} and I am {age} years old."
</code></pre>

                <p>You can include variables, expressions, and even function calls inside curly braces.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">x = 5
y = 10
result_str = f"The sum of {x} and {y} is {x + y}."
</code></pre>

                <p class="highlight-block"><a
                        href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting"
                        target="_blank" rel="noopener"
                        aria-label="Check detailed information about strings format in python documentation (open in new tab)">Check
                        detailed information about strings format</a></p>
            </section>

            <section id="list">
                <h3>List <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
                        aria-label="Get detailed information about List type in python documentation (open in new tab)"><i
                            class="fa-solid fa-circle-info"></i></a></h3>
                <p>Lists are <span class="highlight-text">ordered</span>, <span class="highlight-text">mutable</span>
                    sequences used to store collections of items. They are defined using square brackets.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_list = [1, 2, 3, "apple", "orange"]
</code></pre>

                <h4>Access List Items</h4>
                <p>You can access individual items in a list using indexing.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_list = [1, 2, 3, "apple", "orange"]

# Access the first item
first_item = my_list[0]  # Result: 1

# Access the third item
third_item = my_list[2]  # Result: 3

# Access the last item
last_item = my_list[-1]  # Result: 'orange'

# Access a range of items
subset = my_list[1:4]  # Result: [2, 3, 'apple']</code></pre>

                <h4>Change List Items</h4>
                <p>You can change the value of a specific item in a list using indexing.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_list = [1, 2, 3, "apple", "orange"]
my_list[3] = "banana"
# Result: [1, 2, 3, "banana", "orange"]
</code></pre>

                <h4>Loop Lists</h4>
                <p>You can iterate through a list using a <span class="highlight-text">for</span> loop.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
for item in my_list:
    print(item)
# Output: 1
#         2
#         3
#         4
</code></pre>

                <h4>List Comprehension</h4>
                <p>List comprehension is a concise way to create lists.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
squared_numbers = [x**2 for x in numbers]
# Result: [1, 4, 9, 16]
</code></pre>

                <h4>Join Lists</h4>
                <p>You can concatenate two lists using the <span class="highlight-text">+</span> operator.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [4, 5, 6]
joined_list = list1 + list2
# Result: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
</code></pre>

                <h4>List Methods</h4>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">append()</span> - adds an element to the end of the list.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_list.append(4)
# Result: [1, 2, 3, 4]
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">remove()</span> - removes the first occurrence of a specified
                        element from the list.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
my_list.remove(3)
# Result: [1, 2, 4]
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">pop()</span> - removes and returns the last element from the list
                        (or a specified index).</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
last_element = my_list.pop()
# Result: [1, 2, 3], last_element: 4

second_element = my_list.pop(1) # 1 is index of second element
# Result: [1, 3], last_element: 2
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">insert()</span> - inserts an element at a specified position in the
                        list.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_list.insert(1, 4) # 1 is index the position and 4 is the value that will be inserted
# Result: [1, 4, 2, 3]
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">sort()</span> - sorts the elements of the list in ascending order.
                    </p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_list = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2]
my_list.sort()
# Result: [1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9]
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">reverse()</span> - reverses the order of the elements in the list.
                    </p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
my_list.reverse()
# Result: [4, 3, 2, 1]
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">count()</span> - returns the number of occurrences of a specified
                        element in the list.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_list = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2, 5]
count_of_2 = my_list.count(2)
# Result: 3
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">extend()</span> - extends the list by appending elements from
                        another list.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [4, 5, 6]
list1.extend(list2)
# Result: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">index()</span> - returns the index of the first occurrence of a
                        specified element in the list (or raises a ValueError if not found).</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
index_of_3 = my_list.index(3)
# Result: 2
</code></pre>
                </div>
            </section>

            <section id="tuple">
                <h3>Tuple <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#tuple" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
                        aria-label="Get detailed information about Tuple type in python documentation (open in new tab)"><i
                            class="fa-solid fa-circle-info"></i></a></h3>
                <p>Tuples are <span class="highlight-text">ordered</span>, <span class="highlight-text">immutable</span>
                    sequences used to store collections of items. They are defined using parentheses.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, "apple", "orange")
</code></pre>

                <h4>Access Tuple Items</h4>
                <p>You can access individual items in a tuple using indexing (like a list).</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, "apple", "orange")
first_item = my_tuple[0]  # Result: 1
</code></pre>

                <h4>Update Tuples</h4>
                <p>Tuples are immutable, meaning you cannot change the values of items once they are set.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">original_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
new_tuple = original_tuple + (4, 5)
# Result: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
</code></pre>

                <h4>Unpack Tuples</h4>
                <p>You can assign the elements of a tuple to individual variables using unpacking (list has the same
                    behavior).</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
a, b, c = my_tuple
# Variables: a=1, b=2, c=3
</code></pre>

                <h4>Loop Tuples</h4>
                <p>You can iterate through a tuple using a <span class="highlight-text">for</span> loop.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4)
for item in my_tuple:
    print(item)
# Output: 1
#         2
#         3
#         4
</code></pre>

                <h4>Join Tuples</h4>
                <p>You can concatenate two tuples using the <span class="highlight-text">+</span> operator.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">tuple1 = (1, 2, 3)
tuple2 = (4, 5, 6)
joined_tuple = tuple1 + tuple2
# Result: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
</code></pre>

                <h4>Tuple Methods</h4>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">count()</span> - returns the number of occurrences of a specified
                        element in the tuple.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_tuple = (1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2, 5)
count_of_2 = my_tuple.count(2)
# Result: 3
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">index()</span> - returns the index of the first occurrence of a
                        specified element in the tuple (or raises a ValueError if not found).</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4)
index_of_3 = my_tuple.index(3)
# Result: 2
</code></pre>
                </div>
            </section>

            <section id="dictionary">
                <h3>Dictionary <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#dict" target="_blank"
                        rel="noopener"
                        aria-label="Get detailed information about Dictionary type in python documentation (open in new tab)"><i
                            class="fa-solid fa-circle-info"></i></a></h3>
                <p>Dictionaries are <span class="highlight-text">unordered</span>, <span
                        class="highlight-text">mutable</span> collections of items. They are defined using curly braces
                    and consist of key-value pairs.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
</code></pre>

                <h4>Accessing Dictionary Items</h4>
                <p>You can access the value associated with a specific key in a dictionary.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
name_value = my_dict["name"]  # Result: "John"
</code></pre>

                <h4>Change Dictionary Items</h4>
                <p>You can change the value associated with a specific key in a dictionary.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
my_dict["age"] = 31
# Result: {"name": "John", "age": 31, "city": "New York"}
</code></pre>

                <h4>Add Dictionary Items</h4>
                <p>You can add new key-value pairs to a dictionary.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30}
my_dict["city"] = "New York"
# Result: {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
</code></pre>

                <h4>Nested Dictionaries</h4>
                <p>Dictionaries can be nested inside other dictionaries.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">nested_dict = {"person": {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}}
# Accessing nested value: nested_dict["person"]["age"]
</code></pre>

                <h4>Dictionary Methods</h4>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">keys()</span> - returns a list of all the keys in the dictionary.
                    </p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
keys_view = my_dict.keys()
# Result: dict_keys(['name', 'age', 'city'])
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">values()</span> - returns a list of all the values in the
                        dictionary.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
values_view = my_dict.values()
# Result: dict_values(['John', 30, 'New York'])
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">items()</span> - returns a list of all key-value pairs in the
                        dictionary.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
items_view = my_dict.items()
# Result: dict_items([('name', 'John'), ('age', 30), ('city', 'New York')])
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">get()</span> - returns the value for the specified key. If the key
                        is not found, it returns a default value.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
age_value = my_dict.get("age", 0) # 0 is default value
# Result: 30
# Alternatively: age_value = my_dict["age"] if "age" in my_dict else 0
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">pop()</span> - removes the item with the specified key and returns
                        its value.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
age_value = my_dict.pop("age")
# Result: age_value: 30, my_dict: {'name': 'John', 'city': 'New York'}
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">popitem()</span> - removes and returns the last inserted key-value
                        pair.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
last_item = my_dict.popitem()
# Result: last_item: ('city', 'New York'), my_dict: {'name': 'John', 'age': 30}
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">update()</span> - updates the dictionary with elements from another
                        dictionary or from an iterable of key-value pairs.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30}
new_data = {"city": "New York", "gender": "Male"}
my_dict.update(new_data)
# Result: {'name': 'John', 'age': 30, 'city': 'New York', 'gender': 'Male'}
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">clear()</span> - removes all items from the dictionary.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_dict = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
my_dict.clear()
# Result: {}
</code></pre>
                </div>
            </section>

            <section id="set">
                <h3>Set <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#set" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
                        aria-label="Get detailed information about Set type in python documentation (open in new tab)"><i
                            class="fa-solid fa-circle-info"></i></a></h3>
                <p>Sets are <span class="highlight-text">unordered</span>, <span class="highlight-text">mutable</span>
                    collections of unique items. They are defined using curly braces.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_set = {1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5}
# Notice set doesn't have any duplicate items
# Result: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
</code></pre>

                <h4>Access Set Items</h4>
                <p>You can access items in a set, but sets are unordered, so there is no index. You can check for
                    membership.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
is_present = 3 in my_set  # Result: True
</code></pre>

                <h4>Loop Sets</h4>
                <p>You can iterate through a set using a <span class="highlight-text">for</span> loop.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4}
for item in my_set:
    print(item)
# Output: 1
#         2
#         3
#         4
</code></pre>

                <h4>Set Methods</h4>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">add()</span> - adds an element to the set.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_set = {1, 2, 3}
my_set.add(4)
# Result: {1, 2, 3, 4}
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">remove()</span> - removes the specified element from the set.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4}
my_set.remove(3)
# Result: {1, 2, 4}
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">discard()</span> - removes the specified element from the set if
                        present.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4}
my_set.discard(2)
# Result: {1, 3, 4}
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">union()</span> - returns a new set containing the union of sets.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">set1 = {1, 2, 3}
set2 = {3, 4, 5}
joined_set = set1.union(set2)
# Result: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">|</span> - returns a new set containing the union of sets using the
                        | operator.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">set1 = {1, 2, 3}
set2 = {3, 4, 5}
joined_set = set1 | set2
# Result: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">difference()</span> - returns a new set containing the difference
                        between two or more sets.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">set1 = {1, 2, 3, 4}
set2 = {3, 4, 5}
diff_set = set1.difference(set2)
# Result: {1, 2}
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">-</span> - returns a new set containing the difference between sets
                        using the - operator.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">set1 = {1, 2, 3, 4}
set2 = {3, 4, 5}
diff_set = set1 - set2
# Result: {1, 2}
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">intersection()</span> - returns a new set containing the
                        intersection of two or more sets.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">set1 = {1, 2, 3, 4}
set2 = {3, 4, 5}
intersection_set = set1.intersection(set2)
# Result: {3, 4}
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <div class="method">
                    <p><span class="highlight-text">&</span> - returns a new set containing the intersection of sets
                        using the & operator.</p>
                    <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">set1 = {1, 2, 3, 4}
set2 = {3, 4, 5}
intersection_set = set1 & set2
# Result: {3, 4}
</code></pre>
                </div>

                <p class="highlight-block"><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#set" target="_blank"
                        rel="noopener"
                        aria-label="Check the entire list of set methods in python documentation (open in new tab)">Check
                        the entire list of set methods</a></p>
            </section>

            <section id="boolean">
                <h3>Boolean</h3>

                <h4>Boolean Values</h4>
                <p>Boolean values in Python are <span class="highlight-text">True</span> and <span
                        class="highlight-text">False</span>.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_boolean = True
another_boolean = False
</code></pre>

                <h4>Evaluate Values and Variables</h4>
                <p>Values and variables can be evaluated in Boolean context, resulting in either <span
                        class="highlight-text">True</span> or <span class="highlight-text">False</span>.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">x = 5
y = 10
is_greater = x > y  # Result: False
</code></pre>

                <h4>Most Values are True</h4>
                <p>In a Boolean context, most values are considered <span class="highlight-text">True</span>. Examples
                    include non-zero numbers, non-empty strings, and non-empty lists.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">value = 42
is_true = bool(value)  # Result: True
</code></pre>

                <h4>Some Values are False</h4>
                <p>Some values are considered <span class="highlight-text">False</span> in a Boolean context. Examples
                    include zero, empty strings, and empty lists.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">empty_list = []
is_false = bool(empty_list)  # Result: False
</code></pre>

                <h4>Functions can Return a Boolean</h4>
                <p>Functions can return Boolean values, allowing for conditional checks based on their results.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">def is_even(number):
    return number % 2 == 0

result = is_even(4)  # Result: True
</code></pre>
            </section>

            <section id="none">
                <h3>Python NoneType</h3>
                <p>In Python, <span class="highlight-text">None</span> is a special constant representing the absence of
                    a value or a null value. It is often used to signify that a variable or a function does not have a
                    meaningful value or result.</p>

                <h4>Assignment of None</h4>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">my_variable = None
</code></pre>

                <h4>Function Return Values</h4>
                <p>Functions in Python can explicitly return <span class="highlight-text">None</span> to indicate that
                    they don't produce any meaningful result.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">def do_something():
    # code to do something
    return None
</code></pre>

                <h4>Default Function Arguments</h4>
                <p><span class="highlight-text">None</span> is commonly used as a default value for function parameters
                    when the absence of a user-provided value is meaningful.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">def greet(name=None):
    if name is None:
        print("Hello, anonymous!")
    else:
        print(f"Hello, {name}!")

greet()  # Output: Hello, anonymous!
greet("John")  # Output: Hello, John!
</code></pre>

                <h4>Checking for None</h4>
                <p>You can check if a variable is <span class="highlight-text">None</span> using the is operator.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">if some_variable is None:
    print("The variable is None.")
else:
    print("The variable has a value.")
</code></pre>

                <h4>Comparisons</h4>
                <p><span class="highlight-text">None</span> is considered equal to itself and evaluates to <span
                        class="highlight-text">False</span> in a boolean context.</p>
                <pre><span class="lang-name">Python</span><code class="hljs language-python">x = None
y = None
print(x == y)  # Output: True
print(bool(None))  # Output: False
</code></pre>
            </section>

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